Publications

Ecosystem engineering by bioturbation shapes ecosystems by physically modifying soil and sediment habitats, affecting microbial communities and biogeochemical processes. Although bioturbation is a key process for ecosystem health and functioning, its response to contaminants like microplastics (MPs) remains poorly explored. To address this gap, we conducted three microcosm experiments across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, using three species of ecosystem engineers: Aporrectodea caliginosa (earthworm), Tubifex tubifex (freshwater worm), and Hediste diversicolor (marine worm). Each ecosystem was contaminated by a mixture of polystyrene and polyamide MP fragments and fibers, ranging from 10 to 1000 μm, at two MP concentrations: 0 and 100 mg kg− 1 soil/sediment dry weight. Tracer particles (luminophores) were used to quantify soil/sediment reworking activities of ecosystem engineers. After 21 days of exposure, distinct bioturbation proxies (i.e., maximum penetration depth, surface reworking, particle displacement coefficient, cast production, biodiffusion-like and non-local reworking coefficients) were measured in each microcosm experiment. Our results demonstrated contrasted effects of MPs on bioturbation across ecosystems/ecosystem engineer species. In the terrestrial ecosystem, surface sediment reworking by earthworms remained unaffected by MP contamination although the cast production by A. caliginosa tended to increase (+26 %) with MP contamination. Conversely, in the freshwater ecosystem, the presence of MPs significantly reduced bioturbation activity of tubificid worms, resulting in a nearly fourfold decrease in particle displacement and a substantial reduction in maximum penetration depth of the luminophores. In the marine system, although H. diversicolor maintained effective particle reworking activities with MP contamination, gallery-biodiffusion activity tended to decrease in presence of MPs. Overall, the impact of MP contamination on bioturbation process was context-dependent. It can be hypothesized that the impact of MPs on bioturbation process was dependent on the size of the ecosystem engineering species, with the strongest effect observed on the smallest organism (T. tubifex).

This article addresses the challenge of operationalizing Hartmut Rosa’s concept of resonance by examining how it manifests in the highly charged environment of ultra-trail start zones. Resonance, understood as a dynamic, reciprocal interaction between individuals and their surroundings, can shed light on both the motivating and potentially alienating dimensions of sport. Yet its fluid, subjective nature complicates empirical study. Drawing on phenomenological perspectives, particularly those of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, we situate the athlete’s body at the core of our exploration. We employ a mixed method approach: ethnographic observations at forty-five ultra-trail events — spanning 10 to 360 kilometers —, semi-structured interviews with nine runners, and an online survey of forty-three respondents. Our findings highlight the starting zone as a liminal space where music, architecture, collective anticipation, and intense emotional states converge to spark moments of deep connection. This resonance appears on a horizontal plane, linking runners to one another, a vertical axis, connecting them to a sense of historical or transcendent purpose, and another axis, called personal axis. We argue that musical cues and embodied rituals create an immersive, socially constructed atmosphere, amplifying emotional intensity and enabling runners to move from mere motivation toward an experience of resonance. However, not all participants respond uniformly; personal history and social context mediate the depth of their engagement. We conclude that implementing Rosa’s concept of resonance requires methodological flexibility – capturing fleeting, affect-laden moments without reducing them to fixed metrics. Such an approach enriches sociological and phenomenological insights while offering new directions for designing transformative sporting events.

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011 resulted in the contamination in radionuclides of the surrounding environment and led to a chronic exposure of local wildlife to ionizing radiation for over a decade. This study investigates the long-term effects of radiocontamination on the tree frogs (Dryophytes leopardus) in Fukushima Prefecture, focusing on bioenergetics, a major process that governs survival and reproduction. Males tree frogs were collected along a gradient of radiocontamination during the breeding season and their energy metabolism was examined, particularly in trunk muscles, heavily involved in calling, and liver, a key organ for detoxification. Our results show that aerobic metabolism in trunk muscles increases with ionizing radiation dose rate, associated with an increase in mitochondrial oxidative capacity. In contrast, liver tissues exhibit a decrease in aerobic metabolism, compensated by an upregulation of anaerobic processes, likely due to tricarboxylic acid cycle impairment. Additionally, we observed an increase in both the hepatosomatic index and overall body condition with rising ionizing radiation levels, indicating physiological changes. These findings suggest that more than ten years after the initial radiocontamination, metabolic processes and physical condition of tree frogs in Fukushima are still modulated in radiocontaminated areas. This highlights the need for further investigations into the ecological and evolutionary consequences of long-term ionizing radiation exposure in affected wildlife populations.

This article discusses the relationship between time and physical activity, focusing on the concept of resonance as developed by sociologist Hartmut Rosa. First, we question the resonance through the lens of a philosophy of re-enchantment, to explore how the social sciences engage with this notion. Time, as a contemporary social critique, leads us to consider sport as an analyzer of processes of acceleration and deceleration, as a space of resonance and singular temporal experiences. Using empirical material collected from the practices of freediving and ultra-trail, we explore resonance in connection with the embodied experiences of time in these two sports. By focusing on the relationship with time as it may be experienced in these situations, we show that, while temporal distortions and ambivalences are commonly observable, they are nonetheless part of complex temporal socializations that reveal incorporations of time. The originality of the article lies in the dialogue between ultra-trail and freediving; between resonance and bodily experiences of time, within a phenomenological approach. The article emphasizes how these activities, though performance-oriented, offer a deeper, more subjective relationship with time – one that is embodied and connected to the present moment, rather than dominated by external, objective measurements of time. Two points are discussed: the existential experience of slowness and the subjective perception of time, which is possibly influenced by external and internal stimuli, as well as cognitive processes. Finally, this research highlights the potential of sports to foster a new understanding of time that challenges contemporary notions of speed and efficiency

In the Anthropocene, the decline of insect pollinators poses a significant threat to ecosystem services, particularly to wild bee populations essential for plant biodiversity and agricultural productivity. France, with 983 species, hosts one of the most diverse bee faunas in Europe, yet these species face growing pressures from habitat loss, climate change, and intensive agriculture. Addressing this crisis requires robust taxonomic frameworks and efficient species identification methods to support long-term monitoring initiatives such as the European Pollinator Monitoring Scheme, EU-PoMS. DNA barcoding, utilizing the COI-5P gene, has proven effective for species delineation and biodiversity monitoring, particularly in detecting cryptic diversity among genera with large numbers of species such as Andrena, Nomada or Lasioglossum. However, significant gaps remain in reference libraries, particularly for the species from the Mediterranean Basin. To bridge this gap, the CODABEILLES initiative was launched in 2021 to enhance barcode data for the French bee fauna. Initially, only 25% of species had barcodes from French voucher specimens, increasing to 62% when considering voucher specimens from other countries. By 2025, thanks to collaboration with sixteen specialists and institutions, CODABEILLES contributed 1477 reference barcodes, covering approximately 560 species and raising barcode coverage to 82%. When integrating data published under other initiatives over the same period the coverage reaches 94% of the French bee fauna. This dataset significantly enhances species identification accuracy and supports large-scale pollinator monitoring through metabarcoding and environmental DNA approaches. Despite the success of COI-5P barcoding, taxonomic inconsistencies persist, necessitating further integrative research. This study underscores the need for continued collaboration among taxonomists, molecular biologists, and conservationists to refine species classifications and ensure comprehensive reference databases. The improved barcode coverage provided by CODABEILLES paves the way for more accurate DNA-based monitoring of wild bee populations and their ecological interactions, crucial for guiding conservation strategies in the face of ongoing environmental change.

<div><p>Root exudate determines the gene expression of root associated bacteria, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that carbon sources within root exudates regulate interactions of beneficial bacteria with the plant via carbon catabolite repression (CCR). Mutants in CCR genes were constructed in Pseudomonas ogarae F113, and rhizospheric traits were studied. P. ogarae F113 displays reverse CCR. The Δcrc mutant produced more biofilm than the wild-type strain, and its swimming was carbon source dependent. On roots, the bacterial expression of nirS, crcY, and crcZ was higher in the Δcrc mutant. Auxin expression (but not jasmonate signaling) in Arabidopsis thaliana was reduced upon inoculation by Δcrc or ΔcbrB mutants when compared with the wild-type strain. Our findings show that reverse CCR regulates the communication between P. ogarae F113 and A. thaliana, which sheds further light on the significance of root exudates for the functioning of plant-beneficial bacteria on roots.</p></div>

Plastic pollution is extremely complex due to the variety of materials resulting from the mixing of synthetic polymers and chemical additives to match their intended applications. Such application-dependent chemical compositions complicate the assessment of plastics' ecotoxicological effects and impacts on biological communities and ecosystem functioning. Our study investigates how plastics affect freshwater microbial community composition and metabolic activity. To that end, we selected eight plastic materials from four polymer types and grouped them by their regulatory classification application ("medical or food grade" vs. "non-medical or food grade") to distinguish material effects from application-dependent chemical composition. After six weeks of biofilm development in three freshwater basins, we analyzed microbial biomass, metabolic functions (photosynthesis, respiration, esterase activity), and algal pigment composition on plastic surfaces and on a chemically inert control. We found that microbial biomass and metabolic activity were more controlled by environmental factors (e.g. suspended solids and light exposure) than by the polymer material and its application, except for esterase activity which was significantly higher in biofilms found on plastics than those found on the control. Algal pigment composition was controlled by both application-dependent plastic composition and environmental conditions. Our study emphasizes the need to consider material properties (e.g. polymer type), intended application (e.g. specific chemical composition) and environmental conditions (e.g. light, suspended solids) to better understand plastic-microbe interactions, which would allow for improved guidance and consequently effective future legislation on polymers and chemical additives.

We describe five new species of the genus Schellencandona Meisch, 1996 (Ostracoda, Candoninae) collected in the southern French Alps. Four of these species, S. danielopoli sp. nov., S. capderreyae sp. nov., S. mercantourensis sp. nov., and S. claretae sp. nov., are related to S. simililampadis (Danielopol, 1978), a species previously described from southern France. The fifth species, S. malardi sp. nov., is related to the species of Schellencandona present in the Northern Alps. These five new species were collected in the interstitial habitats of rivers, generally deep inside the bedsediment (i.e., at a depth of about 90 cm into the sediment), and show some morphological characteristics linked to a specialisation to live in groundwater (e.g., long aethetascs, large oocytes). Schellencandona danielopoli and S. claretae have a large geographic distribution and a wide altitudinal range. Schellencandona mercantourensis is present at high elevation in two different rivers. The last two species, S. capderreyae and S. malardi, occur at low-elevation sites in a single river. They can be considered vulnerable to future climatic changes in the Mediterranean region.

ntroduction : En France, les politiques nationales de promotion de la santé par l’activité physsique se traduisent localement par des dispositifs accessibles sur prescription médicale. Cependant, ces initiatives négligent souvent les facteurs sociaux influençant la participation. Méthode : L’enquête s’appuie sur une approche qualitative à visée phénoménologique, combinant observations de terrain et entretiens menés auprès des bénéficiaires du programme. L’analyse explore leur engagement à travers le prisme des appuis corporels, relationnels, matériels et spatiaux qu’ils perçoivent et mobilisent dans leur expérience des séances « Mulhouse Sport Santé ». Résultats : L’analyse met en évidence que l’engagement repose sur : des appuis corporels (perception des progrès physiques, gestion de l’effort) ; des appuis relationnels (soutien des enseignants en activité physique adaptée (APA), dynamique de groupe) ; des appuis matériels (usage routinisé du matériel, structuration des séances) ; et des appuis spatiaux (environnement sécurisant et prévisible). L’engagement ne repose pas uniquement sur une intention, mais sur une pluralité d’appuis favorisant ou freinant la participation. L’enseignant en APA joue un rôle clé en adaptant les séances et en accompagnant les bénéficiaires dans un processus de réappropriation corporelle. Discussion : Cette approche phénoménologique et microsociologique permet d’enrichir la compréhension des pratiques de promotion de la santé par l’activité physique. Elle met en lumière l’importance des dimensions corporelles, relationnelles et matérielles de l’engagement, et invite à repenser l’aménagement des espaces et les modalités pédagogiques pour les rendre véritablement capacitants.

Avec l’avènement des réseaux sociaux, nombreux sont les coureurs de trail running à mettre en scène leur solitude malgré la massification de l’activité. Longue de 300 km à parcourir en autonomie, avec un dénivelé positif total de 25 000 m, la Chartreuse Terminorum sélectionne 40 postulants chaque année. L’article explore comment ces derniers imaginent, et vivent leur aventure, seuls, au milieu d’une forêt symbole d’isolement. Quatre années en immersion au sein du peloton ont permis de mettre en avant la notion de microsolitude et d’illustrer les paradoxes observés face à ces retraits volontaires.

Niphargus is the most speciose amphipod genus inhabiting groundwater of the Western Palearctic. The genus is renowned for its notorious taxonomy, associated with large within- but often negligible between-species morphological variation. Results of molecular taxonomy suggested that morphological variation captured less than half of its species diversity, calling for a molecular revision of past taxonomic and faunistic works. Molecular assessment of species diversity within Niphargus has been conducted since the 2000s, but it remains spatially incomplete given the genus’ extensive geographic range. Here, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of the diversity of Niphargus in France using molecular markers. We sequenced the COI mitochondrial marker from 436 individuals collected from 234 locations. Using Assemble Species by Automated Partitioning, we identified 99 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU), among which 74 could represent potential new species. In turn, we selected one individual per MOTU, amplified nuclear markers 28S and Histone 3, aligned them with an additional 142 MOTUs from across the genus range, and reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using the Maximum Likelihood method. We found that several nominal species occurring in France are polyphyletic. Furthermore, Niphargus from France comprised lineages derived from deep and terminal splits, some of which showed signs of evolutionary radiation. The phylogenetic relationships are consistent with the hypothesis that Niphargus originated in the western part of its range. This study addressed a knowledge gap in the molecular and spatial coverage of Niphargus , provided new barcodes for monitoring the diversity of the genus, and identified future directions for research.

L’engagement des patients psychiatrisés dans des actions de promotion de la santé par les activités physiques demeure peu documenté. À travers l’étude du parcours d’une personne souffrant d’addiction, le processus d’incorporation d’un style de vie actif tout au long de l’existence est questionné. Il révèle des ruptures et des reprises de l’activité physique articulées à l’évolution de la maladie. La conscience des conséquences de l’addiction par l’intermédiaire du corps en mouvement apparaît déterminante dans l’amorce d’un changement, soutenu par l’encadrement sécure d’un programme sport-santé.

Braided rivers display a wide range of ecological conditions associated with their specific morphological and hydrological dynamics. Like other hydrosystems, braided rivers have been altered by human activities, which have led to a loss of their multi‐thread morphology, causing severe damage to their ecological functioning. River restoration has been a major research focus in the last three decades due to the Water Framework Directive recommendations to improve the ecological status of water bodies and encourage researchers to develop indicators for assessing ecological status. However, generic indicators developed to fulfill the WFD recommendations often underestimate the specificities of river types such as multi‐thread braided rivers. In this study, we adapted the current French sampling methodology for collecting benthic invertebrates for a braided alpine river by considering the diversity of macro‐, meso‐, and microhabitats within reaches. We applied this modified methodology to compare invertebrate assemblages (abundance, diversity, taxonomic and trait composition) in a braided alpine river, using one restored and one semi‐natural (i.e., target) reach. Five years after restoration, the target reach was more diversified in terms of macrohabitats (channel types) compared to the restored reach. This resulted in a higher taxa and trait diversity. These results give insights into the significance of channel type diversity in supporting benthic invertebrate assemblages in braided rivers and the need to adapt invertebrate sampling methodologies to consider their multi‐thread morphology.

Global change strongly alters biodiversity worldwide, but our ability to predict their consequences for ecosystem functioning remains limited. This lack of knowledge may be attributed to the limited empirical evidence of the simultaneous ecological impacts of global change across multiple ecological levels. Here, we conducted a full factorial experiment to measure the isolated and combined effects of two global change drivers to which freshwater ecosystems are severely exposed: (i) nutrient addition, which mainly affects the lower trophic levels and modifies ecosystems from the bottom of the food chain, and (ii) warming, which primarily affects large organisms at the top of the food chain. We quantified the effects of the two global change drivers at four different ecological levels: community composition (zooplankton and benthic invertebrates), size structure, trophic architecture, and ecosystem functioning. We found that the impacts of treatments varied significantly across different ecological levels. Specifically, community composition was predominantly affected by warming, whereas nutrient addition played a more important role than warming in ecosystem functioning (e.g., primary production and atmospheric CO 2 uptake). More importantly, we found that food webs (described using size spectrum and stable isotope structure) represent an integrative ecological level for capturing the effects of the two global change drivers tested, integrating changes in both community structure and ecosystem functioning. These results provide valuable insights into the responses of aquatic ecosystems to global change and reveal the importance of considering multiple ecological levels to improve our understanding of the processes driving the responses of ecosystems to global change.

Fishponds are hotspots for carbon sequestration, processing, and emissions. However, the environmental drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in these ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study investigates how management practices influence GHG dynamics during the wet phase. We hypothesize that management alters water and sediment characteristics, thereby affecting GHG dynamics. In summer 2023, we measured CO2 and CH4 concentrations, along with water and sediment characteristics, in 38 ponds in La Dombes (France) in response to fertilization, feeding, liming and drying. GHG concentrations varied widely (CO2: 0.99–275.6 μmol L− 1, CH4: 0.20–32.45 μmol L− 1) and fluxes ranged from − 10.1-148.4 mmol m2⋅d− 1 for CO2 and from 0.1 to 20.1 mmol m2⋅d− 1 for CH4. Fish-farming practices primarily influenced sediment-rather than water-properties. CO2 concentrations were negatively related to dissolved oxygen and pH, positively influenced by feeding, which together explained 75 % of variability. CH4 dynamics appeared more complex, likely due to shallow depths, ebullition, and local environmental heterogeneity. This study highlights the strong variability in GHG emissions among ponds, partly mediated by fish-farming practices, and provides insights into their environmental drivers. Further research, including seasonal monitoring and experimental approaches, is needed to identify key management-related factors to help mitigate the climate impact of fish-farming.

Introduction This study focused on body image after a moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), several years after the accident. It explored body representation by examining body dissatisfaction, body appreciation, and self-discrepancy. A particular emphasis was placed on body functionality. The aim was to determine how people reappropriate and rediscover their bodies after an accident causing TBI. Methods The design of the study was qualitative. We used the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) to assess positive body image and conducted a semi-structured interview asking about global body image and physical abilities. We recruited 15 people with moderate-to-severe TBI who are disabled according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS; score of 2–3). Their accident had to have occurred at least 2 years ago. Results Motor impairments were associated with dissatisfaction related to unfavorable comparisons with the previous self or normative ideals. However, such dissatisfaction could coexist with a positive body image. Participants also experienced body acceptance and appreciation in association with preserved or reacquired abilities. When this positive body image was present, abilities were compared with those of the post-TBI self in the earliest stages of recovery, with those in a situation where there was a worse prognosis, or with those of people with a greater level of disability; in some cases, there was no comparison. The individuals’ knowledge of their own limits and capacities was based both on their search for physical experiences and their dynamics of introspection. Discussion Body image dissatisfaction after TBI may be characterized by the loss of functional abilities. Dissatisfaction appears to mainly result from comparisons with the previous self or ableist standards. However, a form of body acceptance may occur, characterized by satisfaction with functional recovery and the preservation of autonomy. Conclusion Over the course of their lives, individuals rely on a wide variety of bodily experiences to update their opinions and knowledge of themselves. These processes contribute to a positive body image.

We discuss the everyday work of sporting goods salespeople in France, stressing the importance of informal and relational skills in the service relationship, which draws on the seller and buyer’s shared interest in sports. Salespeople do far more than just perform predefined tasks. Their effectiveness depends largely on being able to develop personal relationships with customers. We collected quantitative and qualitative data through four methods: 1) a questionnaire sent in 2019 to all sports and recreational retail managers in the Grand Est region of France (n=61); 2) an analysis of job listings posted in the press, online and in stores in 2019 and 2020 (n=152), which we used to draw up a list of skills and qualifications for the advertised positions; 3) semi-structured interviews with salespeople and store managers (n=20) on their everyday work, their relationships to sporting goods and their perceptions of customer relationships; and 4) ethnographic observation of everyday sales work in ten stores (January-February 2020). In service work, a sense of selflessness is valued, as reflected in the practice of adaptive selling. Salespeople develop a sense of the customers’ lifestyle and approach to sports and create verbal, cognitive and emotional closeness. The personal relationships that develop through such adjustments ultimately facilitate sales transactions, whose meaning is socially constructed by both parties.

Cet article correspond à la première étude sociologique des élus locaux japonais. Yasushi Iwabuchi et Michel Koebel ont travaillé de 2020 à 2025 pour commencer à comprendre les logiques d’accès aux fonctions d’élu local au Japon. Face à l’absence quasi-totale de données, ils ont dû construire leurs propres données en croisant diverses sources. Cette première étude concerne tous les conseillers municipaux et départementaux, maires et gouverneur de la Préfecture d’Okayama (l’un des 47 départements du Japon).

Young people worldwide are affected by two main health-related issues: physical inactivity and drowning accidents. Encouraging participation in aquatic physical activities in a safe way could address this dual concern. Aligning theoretical frameworks of physical literacy and water competencies could empower young people with key skills to engage safely and sustainably in aquatic environments. The aim of this theoretical paper is to provide a philosophical, ontological, and epistemological rationale for merging these two frameworks into a new concept: aquatic literacy. The multidimensional concept is presented and describes the intertwined physical, psychosocial, and cognitive domains, which provide a means to empower young people to safely enjoy aquatic opportunities and achieve individual health benefits. This new concept needs supportive empirical data, such as the level of individuals in each domain of aquatic literacy, to be a strong framework for guiding aquatic educators and stakeholders to better engage and protect people worldwide.

Rivers are often seen as vectors for microplastic transport from land to the ocean; however, the sediment-water interface of rivers also provides opportunity for the temporary storage and retention of plastic debris. Hydrological, sedimentary, physical, chemical and biological factors influence microplastic fate and transport, yet the influence of the interactions between these different drivers and mechanisms on microplastic transport at the sediment-water interface remains poorly understood. This study investigates how hydrological exchanges impact microplastics distribution in streambed sediments by comparing microplastic concentrations in zones with surface-groundwater exchange fluxes (upwelling or downwelling) and zones with sediment accumulation along gravel bars situated in the lower catchment of the Ain River (France). Sediment samples were collected from 15 locations (five per hydro-sedimentary condition) at two different depths (i.e., sediment surface and -20 cm), and microplastics between 20 and 500 µm in size were analyzed. Our results indicate that hydrological flow conditions significantly control microplastic concentrations in streambed sediments. In the top sediment layer, microplastic concentrations in sediment size fraction smaller than 2 mm were similar across hydrological zones. However, upwelling zones showed significantly higher concentrations at 20 cm depth in comparison to downwelling zones, likely due to an abundance of smaller microplastics in upwelling zones (mean particle size of microplastics =251 ±154 µm, median particle size=179 µm). This suggests that water exchanges influence particle retention in upwelling zones. Additionally, sedimentation zones exhibited much higher microplastic concentrations than upwelling and downwelling zones, possibly due to accumulation with fine sediments (D50 =221 µm). These insights emphasize the importance of sedimentological and hydrological conditions in shaping microplastic distribution and sampling. It also highlights that sediment load of gravel bed rivers can serve as potential reservoirs for sub-pore size microplastics which pose risks to interstitial fauna, groundwater quality, and aquatic food webs.

Damming may be one of the most significant anthropogenic modifications fragmenting river networks. Damming alters the transport and processing of coarse particulate organic matter (OM), hence influencing carbon (C) cycling, including the production and emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ). Most studies assessing the impact of dams tend to focus on large impoundments, although small impoundments (&lt; 15 m high) are likely to have notable local‐ and river continuum‐scale effects by fragmenting the river network. We aimed to determine if and how small impoundments affect OM stocks, leaf litter decomposition, and gaseous C emissions to the atmosphere. We monitored 21 sites across an impounded river network in central France over three seasons. We measured in situ diffusive CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes, as well as leaf litter decomposition rates, OM stocks, and OM transport. Two small impoundments and the river reaches immediately upstream and downstream had varying patterns of C emissions, with CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes highest immediately downstream of one impoundment and high seasonal variability in fluxes at the other impoundment. Small impoundments impacted the expected river continuum pattern of OM stocks, but not leaf litter decomposition nor CO 2 emissions. In sum, small impoundments can have contrasting local impacts and combined river continuum‐scale effects on C cycling. Our study highlights the importance of considering both the local‐ and river continuum‐scales when examining river C dynamics and how they are influenced by anthropogenic impacts.

ABSTRACT Problematic taxa, often referred to as species complexes, are common among freshwater organisms. Understanding their species composition, distribution and history is key to integrating these taxa into many ecological disciplines. We investigated the taxonomy and biogeography of the Proasellus coxalis species complex (PCC), a diversified and functionally important group of asellid isopods (Pancrustacea) in freshwaters of the Mediterranean Basin and central Europe. We used phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses from specimens collected at 143 localities across the range of the PCC to document its diversity, phylogenetic position and historical biogeography. First, we used molecular species delimitation methods based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to identify molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) representing putative species within that complex. Second, we used three additional genes—the 16S mitochondrial rDNA, FASTKD4 nuclear and 28S nuclear rDNA genes—to generate a four‐gene dated phylogeny of Asellidae to test the monophyly and phylogenetic position of the PCC. Third, we applied statistical ancestral reconstruction methods to the four‐gene dated phylogeny of the PCC to infer its biogeographic history. Fourth, we used Bayesian phylogeographic diffusion models based on the COI and 16S genes to reconstruct the range dynamics of the only widely distributed MOTU in this species complex. We identified ≥ 25 MOTUs within the PCC. The eastern Mediterranean Basin, including the Pontic‐Mediterranean and Italian peninsulas, contained numerous narrowly distributed MOTUs. In contrast, central Europe, northern Italy, the Dinarides, the Iberian peninsula and northwestern Africa were colonised by a single MOTU, which we term P. banyulensis . The four‐gene phylogeny of the Asellidae clustered all PCC MOTUs into a well‐supported monophyletic group, which we term the P. coxalis clade. Ancestral reconstruction methods indicated that the clade originated during the early Miocene in the southern Hellenides, at that time part of the Balkanian‐Anatolian landmass. From there, it dispersed and diverged mainly during the Miocene, through the eastern Mediterranean Basin, including the Italian peninsula. Bayesian phylogeographic diffusion models revealed that central Europe and the western Mediterranean Basin were recently colonised from Italian populations of P. banyulensis . During the Pleistocene, multiple waves of colonisation of that species followed each other from central Italy, the most northerly (Germany, Sweden) and southerly (southern Spain, Morocco and Algeria) regions being colonised last. We resolved major taxonomic, phylogenetic and biogeographic uncertainties that have marked more than a century of research on the PCC. Our updated understanding of this complex is that of a species‐rich clade that has long diversified in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, but of which a single species— P. banyulensis —has recently colonised central Europe and the western Mediterranean Basin from Italian refugia. In central Europe, this species adds to two other widespread species— Asellus aquaticus from Pannonian refugia and P. meridianus , most probably from Iberian refugia—to produce mixed asellid communities.

Inducible defences in response to predation risk are a well-known example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Although inducible defences have been studied mainly within a generation (within-generational plasticity), there is now clear evidence that ancestral exposure to predation risk can in uence the defences expressed by offspring, even if they have not been exposed themselves (transgenerational plasticity). The molecular mechanisms allowing the transmission of environmental information across generations are not well understood. In this study, we combined measures of antipredator responses (behavioural and morphological) with transcriptomic investigations across two generations in the freshwater snail Physa acuta. We hypothesised that both within- and transgenerational plasticity would induce phenotypic changes associated with differential gene expression. Our results con rmed within- and transgenerational plasticity: F1 snails respond to predator-cue exposure by increasing escape behaviour, reducing shell length, and developing thicker and slenderer shells, whereas F2 snails from exposed parents have longer and thicker shells with narrower apertures. Within- and transgenerational plasticity were accompanied by the differential expression of 112 genes (101 up- and 11 downregulated) and 23 differentially expressed genes (17 up- and 6 downregulated), respectively. Within- and transgenerational plasticity did not share common differentially expressed genes, but the associated molecular functions, involving metabolism and transcription regulation, were similar. These results suggest that predator-induced within-generational plasticity and transgenerational plasticity may result from different genomic pathways and may evolve independently.

For unaffected women at high risk for developing breast cancer due to pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA) genes, bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) is an alternative to intensive surveillance. RRM reduces breast cancer risk but may generate additional health and psychosocial issues, making the choice between surveillance and RRM complex and personal. This grounded theory study explores how unaffected women carrying BRCA pathogenic variants engage in a decision-making process leading to the choice of undergoing RRM. Narrative data were collected in Switzerland through biographical interviews with 38 unaffected women carrying BRCA pathogenic variants. Participants had either undergone RRM or were planning the surgery in the future. Findings indicate that the decision to undergo RRM was influenced by femininity and body image, current life engagements, anticipation of surgery risks and outcomes, perception and acceptance of cancer risk, surveillance experiences, attitudes of healthcare providers and family, and financial considerations. These factors interacted, creating contradictions that made decision-making challenging. To navigate this uncertainty, women progressively built their decision through a triple process of making sense: framing RRM as an obligated, empowering and mundane choice. This sense-making process is described as a process of legitimation, through which women decide to undergo RRM and integrate it into their life trajectory, ensuring its acceptability for themselves and their social circles. The discussion provides insights into the legitimation process as a heuristic tool for exploring crucial choices in uncertainty and offers implications for healthcare providers assisting individuals in complex decision-making processes.

<div><p>Motivation: Groundwater ecosystems sustain a unique and globally important biodiversity but remain understudied due to sampling and exploration challenges, as well as a shortage of taxonomic experts. Groundwater ostracods, like other groundwater taxa, exhibit a high degree of endemism, rarity and subterranean specialisation, positioning them as potentially vulnerable organisms. To better understand biodiversity patterns and the conservation needs of this highly diverse group, we assembled a team of experts to gather the most comprehensive information available about groundwater ostracods in Europe. We present a dataset comprising 2065 occurrence records of 110 species, 11 undescribed species and 5 subspecies of groundwater ostracods. This open dataset may support future research on the distribution, evolutionary pathways and conservation needs of European groundwater ostracods, as well as inspire targeted sampling efforts in regions with currently limited data available.</p></div>

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are a rapidly expanding renewable energy technology, yet their potential ecological impacts, particularly cross-ecosystem effects, remain poorly understood. This review synthesises current knowledge on organic matter (OM) dynamics and carbon (C) fluxes in lake ecosystems, examining how FPV installations may influence lake C cycling, insect emergence, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. FPV can alter OM availability, shifting the balance between autochthonous and allochthonous inputs. In the short term, installation may increase OM deposition due to the rapid decline of primary producers and riparian vegetation removal. Long-term effects remain uncertain but could drive metabolic regime shifts toward autotrophy or heterotrophy, depending on initial lake conditions. These changes, combined with reduced oxygen and temperature, could significantly alter aquatic food webs, modify GHG fluxes, and alter C dynamics. Increased OM sedimentation could enhance GHG production, while reduced and delayed insect emergence may weaken C transfer to terrestrial ecosystems. Declines in emergent insect biomass could impact terrestrial predators, such as bats and birds, triggering cascading ecological effects. Overall, FPV may reshape carbon fluxes across aquatic–terrestrial boundaries, with impacts varying by FPV coverage and lake-specific factors. There is an urgent need for ecosystem-scale studies and long-term data to assess FPV-induced changes in C fluxes and mitigate its potential impacts on biodiversity and the global C cycle.

Shredder organisms play a key role in rivers by feeding and fragmenting coarse organic matter that will then be exploited by other consumers. The effects of microplastics (MPs) on Gammarus sp., an ubiquitous genus of freshwater amphipods, and its shredding activity have been broadly investigated. However, the potential behavioral and physiological effects of different sizes of MPs on Gammarus sp. remain overlooked despite the recognized influence of MP size on MP toxicity. This study investigated the effects of a 28-day exposure to four different concentrations of two size fractions of PVC-microplastics (PVC-MPs), on Gammarus fossarum mortality rate, feeding rate, assimilation efficiency, and expression of proteins involved in key processes. Increased mortality was observed for all treatments exposed to PVC-MPs, with higher mortality in the presence of smaller PVC- MPs at the highest concentration. No protein biomarker modulation was observed in presence of PVC-MPs, suggesting that no metabolic stress but direct physical damages of PVC-MPs might have led to the observed mortalities. No difference was observed for feeding rates, but a higher assimilation efficiency was measured for individuals exposed to PVC-MPs, regardless of the concentration. This could be due to energy reallocation towards defense mechanisms or indicate a potential shift in digestive microbiota. This study highlighted the toxicity of PVC-MPs, particularly of smaller sizes and even at relatively low concentration, for Gammarus fossarum. PVC-MP pollution may therefore alter the functional integrity of river ecosystems by reducing the abundance of shredder organisms and, subsequently, the process of leaf litter decomposition.

Abstract Friluftsliv is a Scandinavian concept that emphasises a deep connection with nature through outdoor activities. This study examines its transformative role in fostering physical literacy and environmental ethics among international students. The University of South-East Norway offers a year-long programme that integrates theoretical coursework with outdoor experiential learning, including multi-day expeditions, exemplifying embodied pedagogy. Students were observed for one week, and at its conclusion participated in creative focus groups where they discussed and illustrated their most memorable experiences. The winter expedition emerged as a clear highlight. Analysis of interviews and artwork revealed that the teaching methods used enhanced students’ skills, knowledge, social connections, and motivation to engage with nature, thus reinforcing the four pillars of physical literacy. It also fostered a significant emotional transformation. While students initially approached nature from an anthropocentric perspective, the challenges of the winter trip, in particular, helped most of them to shift their outlook towards a more ecocentric view by deepening their connection with the natural environment. This study highlights the powerful role that experiential outdoor education can play in cultivating both physical literacy and environmental stewardship.

Physical activity (PA) is linked to numerous health advantages, but adolescents typically demonstrate inadequate levels of PA, with girls engaging in less PA than boys. This study aims to explore the factors hindering and promoting PA among girls aged 11–18 years, examining how existing literature addresses these factors through an ecological framework. A scoping review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews protocol. Six databases were searched between October 2022 and November 2024, and 41 articles published between 1993 and 2024 were analyzed. The main barriers to PA for girls were their relationship with their bodies and the influences of peers and teachers, while the main facilitators were social interactions, family or teacher support, and choice of activity. These findings highlight the importance of developing a socioecological framework that addresses personal, interpersonal, and environmental factors to enhance understanding of the issue of girls’ engagement in PA.

This article examines how redefining health through the perspectives of One Health, EcoHealth and Planetary Health can enrich Physical Education (PE) by advancing both health and environmental sustainability. While PE and health education are often treated as separate subjects, most PE curricula worldwide emphasise the promotion of an active lifestyle as a key component of health education through PE. This promotion of an active lifestyle is central to the concept of physical literacy (PL), which is a fundamental aspect of quality PE according to UNESCO (2015). This article focuses on how PE, contributing to health education through the promotion of PL, can evolve to incorporate sustainability goals through the recent new definitions of approaches to health. One Health approach underscores the interconnections between human, animal and environmental health, expanding PL to address zoonotic diseases and ecological impacts. EcoHealth highlights the sustainability of ecosystems, promoting PE activities that (re)connect humans with the more-than-human worlds without causing environmental harm. Planetary Health takes a global perspective, encouraging sustainable physical activities that reduce ecological footprints, such as cycling and walking. By integrating these holistic frameworks, PE can nurture not only individual health outcomes but also environmental stewardship and global health awareness. This shift seeks to educate individuals about their PL, but also their responsibility in preserving ecosystems and the planet, fostering a more sustainable and environmentally aware generation through PE.

Background: Despite well-documented health benefits, children's engagement in Physical Activity (PA) remains insufficient, particularly in disadvantaged areas. Schools provide structured opportunities for PA, yet interventions often fail to increase overall moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Recent approaches suggest that focusing on physical activity opportunities (contexts where movement is encouraged) rather than overall volume may yield better results. The Écolo'coteaux programme aimed to explore whether an outdoor and cycling-based intervention could enhance PA engagement by reshaping daily physical activity opportunities. While outdoor education and cycling interventions have independently demonstrated benefits, their combined effects remain unexplored. Methods: A total of 96 children were assigned to either an intervention or control group. The intervention group participated in an outdoor and cycling education programme (4h/week, October to June), while the control group followed the standard physical education curriculum. PA levels were measured using accelerometers, and daily diaries were used to track PA opportunities. After applying exclusion criteria, 28 children (intervention: n = 10; control: n = 18) were included in the analysis. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc tests assessed changes in MVPA and sedentary behaviour (SB) across PA opportunities. Results: No significant effect of the intervention on overall SB and MVPA was observed. However, PA patterns were significantly reorganized: the intervention group showed increased MVPA during physical education lessons (+13%) and active transport to school (+6%), while the control group experienced a decline in MVPA during weekend afternoons (-3%) alongside an increase in SB (+7%). Conclusion: Rather than increasing overall physical activity levels, the intervention influenced the redistribution of physical activity.

This scoping review aims to identify the impact of educational interventions on physical activity levels and physical literacy in Europe. Using the bioecological model, we analyzed the effectiveness of interventions in increasing engagement in physical activity and examined their impact on the dimensions of physical literacy. Our results show that 10 of the 12 selected articles focus on the microsystem (PE lessons) and/or the mesosystem (school-family relationship). The analysis highlights motivation as a predominant target, positively influencing physical and cognitive aspects. The remaining two articles were multilevel interventions, more fully utilizing all dimensions of the bioecological model, and were more successful in increasing weekly physical activity. However, their impact on physical literacy, which lays the foundation for a long-term active lifestyle, remains unclear. We recommend developing intervention research according to the UNESCO framework by creating multilevel and multi-stakeholder interventions to promote physical literacy in schools and establishing cohorts for long-term evaluations. This could improve PE teacher training by raising awareness of effective strategies to promote active lifestyles.

Early studies in invertebrate model organisms (fruit flies, nematodes) showed that their synonymous codon usage is under selective pressure to optimize translation efficiency in highly expressed genes (a process called translational selection). In contrast, mammals show little evidence of selection for translationally optimal codons. To understand this difference, we examined the use of synonymous codons in 223 metazoan species, covering a wide range of animal clades. For each species, we predicted the set of optimal codons based on the pool of tRNA genes present in its genome, and we analyzed how the frequency of optimal codons correlates with gene expression to quantify the intensity of translational selection ( S ). Surprisingly, few metazoans show clear signs of translational selection. As predicted by the nearly neutral theory, the highest values of S are observed in species with large effective population sizes ( N e ). Overall, however, N e appears to be a poor predictor of the intensity of translational selection, suggesting important differences in the fitness effect of synonymous codon usage across taxa. We propose that the few animal taxa that are clearly affected by translational selection correspond to organisms with strong constraints for a very rapid growth rate.

Floating photovoltaics (FPVs), solar panels installed on floating structures in freshwater ecosystems such as lakes, represent a growing renewable technology aimed at decarbonizing the energy sector. However, robust empirical assessments of its environmental effects are still lacking. We used a Before-After-Control-Impact design replicated at the ecosystem level (n =6 lakes: three lakes with FPV compared to three non-FPV lakes) to determine the global effects of FPV on water temperature over three years and allowing to isolate FPV effects from natural variability. Overall, we found that the presence of FPV strongly decreased annual water temperature (1.2 ◦C on average). The reduction in water temperature induced by FPV increased significantly with air temperature and differed between seasons, with stronger reductions (up to 3 ◦C) observed during warmest days of the year in spring and summer. In addition, the reduction in water temperature also occurred in areas of the lakes that were not covered by FPV. In the context of climate warming, decreased water temperature in summer could benefit freshwater organisms but these benefits could be counterbalanced by other negative impacts such as decreases in dissolved oxygen and modifications in the C cycle, including greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the cascading effects of FPV on freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functioning still need to be assessed.

ABSTRACT Cryptic species are an important part of freshwater biodiversity, yet it remains unclear how these species integrate into communities from local to regional geographic scales. To protect biodiversity, particularly overlooked cryptic species, an accurate understanding of the underlying processes and adequate level of protection is needed. We analysed patterns of syntopies (local co‐occurrences) and sympatries (regional range overlap) to explore how the phylogenetic origin of cryptic species shapes biodiversity patterns. We hypothesised (i) that syntopies were more common among distantly than closely related cryptic species, and (ii) that the existing sympatries were an outcome of phylogenetic relatedness and dispersal. The hypotheses were tested on a polyphyletic species complex of subterranean amphipod species ( Niphargus rhenorhodanensis complex) by deploying molecular species delimitation, time‐calibrated phylogenies, and co‐occurrence analyses with probabilistic and generalised linear models (GLM). The studied complex comprised 37–48 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) from nine different clades, with syntopies occurring at random or less frequently than expected. GLM indicated age of divergence did not predict species sympatries, although they emerged more frequently among MOTUs from different clades. Sympatries, however, emerged through dispersal, in MOTUs with large geographic ranges. These mostly overlapped at the foothills of the Alps, the Jura and the Central Massif. We conclude that the observed spatial patterns are mainly driven by dispersal and presumably reflect the geographic circumstances of speciation. While species richness on a local scale may be an outcome of competition and dispersal, regional biodiversity patterns presumably arise through a clade‐level cascade of historical events, including orogeny and climatic shifts.

Cet article examine le consensus européen sur la conception d'une éducation physique de qualité (EPQ) dans le cadre du projet européen Erasmus+ KA220-HED, intitulé QualiTePe. Il explore l’adaptation du modèle "MAIN-TEACH", initialement conçu pour évaluer la qualité de l’enseignement en général, à la didactique de l’EPS. Pour ce faire, un processus de Delphi a été mené, impliquant 301 experts issus de 17 pays, afin d’établir un consensus et d’identifier les caractéristiques essentielles de l’enseignement d’une éducation physique de qualité. Les analyses comparent également les perspectives de 38 experts français avec celles du consensus issu de pays majoritairement européens. Les résultats ont conduit à l'adaptation du modèle MAIN-TEACH à l’EPS, avec la proposition d’un questionnaire comprenant 6 dimensions et 20 sous-dimensions. Ils révèlent également qu'il n'y a pas de véritable « exception française », les différences significatives ne concernant que 3 des 20 sous-dimensions analysées. Cette étude confirme l'applicabilité du modèle MAIN-TEACH à l'EPS. Elle ouvre des perspectives pour le développement d'un outil d'évaluation des leçons d'EPS et met en lumière quelques critiques méthodologiques, notamment concernant la représentativité des experts et l'absence de dimensions liées à l'inclusion et à la prise en compte du contexte local. Néanmoins, elle réaffirme un alignement significatif des experts Français avec leurs homologues du projet européen ERASMUS+ sur les priorités et les dimensions de l'EPS de qualité.

Pleuronectidae (flatfish) are not always identifiable to the species level on the basis of isolated bones found in archaeological assemblages, and one of the most targeted species in northwestern Europe, flounder (Platichthys flesus), has an extremely large plasticity in habitat use. These issues limit the interpretation of the presence of flatfish bones with regard to fishing ground exploitation and fish trade in the past. This study aims to infer the fishing grounds of flatfish consumed at the site of Abbeville Chaussée du Bois, in northwestern France, dated to the 16th century, based on the analysis of examples of two unpaired bones, the first anal-fin pterygiophore or “os anale” and the urohyal. The city of Abbeville was an important port during Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. We used an integrated approach combining osteology, osteometrics (n = 84), and stable isotope analysis of bone collagen (n = 31). We were able to confirm the presence of both flounder and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). We estimated their size and age at capture thanks to metric models that we developed for modern plaice (n = 34) and flounder (n = 55) from in- and offshore environments in the Somme estuary. The presence of only adult fish remains at the site and the ethology of the two species exclude exploitation of only the immediate vicinity of the city, i.e., the River Somme itself or the very non-saline part of the estuary close to the river outlet. Although the δ13C and δ15N values of the flounder and plaice from the site partially overlap, the two groups present distinctive δ13C and δ15N values and bi-isotope variability. Their isotope signatures were compared with those of archaeological marine (n = 14) and freshwater (n = 26) fish remains used as references. The flatfish identified from the site had spent time living in habitats ranging from marine to brackish or even freshwater. Our combined approach suggests the contemporaneous exploitation of several fishing grounds or alternatively marine waters at spawning time to provide the menu served at the site. Our approach appears a promising means to explore the trade in flatfish inland during historical times.

The development of novel renewable energy technologies, such as floating photovoltaics (FPVs), is expanding, but their environmental consequences remain understudied. FPVs physically alter freshwater ecosystems by limiting light and wind penetration at the lake surface, while providing new substrates for biofilm development, including diatoms. Diatoms are essential to primary production and carbon cycling in aquatic systems, however, the composition of diatom assemblages on FPV structures remains unexplored. This study aimed to characterise the diatom assemblages colonising FPV floaters and compare them with those in the pelagic and benthic compartments of gravel pit lakes. Results showed significantly lower taxonomic richness and diversity on FPV floaters, followed by pelagic assemblages, with the highest values observed in benthic habitats. Community composition also differed significantly between the three compartments. Community composition also differed significantly across all habitats, but its dominance was particularly pronounced on FPV floaters (72%), compared to 54% and 32% in the benthic and pelagic compartments, respectively. As a low-profile, disturbance-tolerant taxon, Achnanthidium may thrive in low-light conditions created by FPV shading. It can also serve as a good water quality indicator, while baseline studies are needed to assess whether its dominance on FPVs reflects positive conditions for gravel pit lakes. By creating novel artificial habitats in the pelagic zone, FPVs can modify the patterns of primary production and pelagic-benthic coupling that remain to be investigated.

Schellencandonarhodanensissp. n. is a stygobite species collected in the interstitial habitat of the Rhône River and its tributaries. It can be distinguish of S. triquetra by its morphological and ecological characteristics and can be used as an indicator of high sediments stability and groundwater upwelling zones.

Tropical estuaries are hyper‐diverse ecosystems, hosting essential habitats for freshwater, euryhaline, and marine life. Understanding how biological communities are distributed in these systems has long been a challenge because of their inherent dynamic nature and the diversity of interacting natural pressures and anthropogenic stressors they are subjected to. In addition, most studies focus on a single taxonomic group, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the interactive effects of natural and human‐driven environmental variations on the different components of tropical estuarian biodiversity. In this study, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to examine the structure of multi‐taxonomic communities, from diatoms to fish, and their relationships with environmental drivers in three differentially impacted locations facing the Great Barrier Reef in Central Queensland (Australia). We first demonstrated that eDNA signals from sediment and water matrices provide complementary information and that both should be monitored for a more holistic understanding of community trajectories in anthropogenically impacted aquatic environments. We also observed that, independently of the taxonomic group considered, communities were primarily structured by the ecological conditions of the estuary. A within‐estuary differentiation along an upstream–downstream gradient was detected but only for small‐bodied organisms, which further adds credence to eDNA approaches as an ecologically relevant tool for monitoring fine‐scale biodiversity patterns even in profoundly dynamic environments. Finally, the different communities exhibited contrasting response patterns, in terms of diversity, composition, and uniqueness, to the anthropogenic gradient. Hence, our findings emphasize the need for multi‐taxonomic assessments, for which eDNA is well suited, to better understand the impacts of multiple stressors on biodiversity and thereby assist decision makers in the protection and management of tropical estuaries.

Phytoplankton is an essential resource in aquatic ecosystems, situated at the base of aquatic food webs. Plastic pollution can impact these organisms, potentially affecting the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The interaction between plastics and phytoplankton is multifaceted: while microplastics can exert toxic effects on phytoplankton, plastics can also act as a substrate for colonisation. By reviewing the existing literature, this study aims to address pivotal questions concerning the intricate interplay among plastics and phytoplankton/phytobenthos and analyse impacts on fundamental ecosystem processes (e.g. primary production, nutrient cycling). This investigation spans both marine and freshwater ecosystems, examining diverse organisational levels from subcellular processes to entire ecosystems. The diverse chemical composition of plastics, along with their variable properties and role in forming the “plastisphere”, underscores the complexity of their influences on aquatic environments. Morphological changes, alterations in metabolic processes, defence and stress responses, including homoaggregation and extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis, represent adaptive strategies employed by phytoplankton to cope with plastic‐induced stress. Plastics also serve as potential habitats for harmful algae and invasive species, thereby influencing biodiversity and environmental conditions. Processes affected by phytoplankton–plastic interaction can have cascading effects throughout the aquatic food web via altered bottom‐up and top‐down processes. This review emphasises that our understanding of how these multiple interactions compare in impact on natural processes is far from complete, and uncertainty persists regarding whether they drive significant alterations in ecological variables. A lack of comprehensive investigation poses a risk of overlooking fundamental aspects in addressing the environmental challenges associated with widespread plastic pollution.

Late Devonian aquatic environments hosted the fin-to-limb transition in vertebrates. Upper Devonian (ca. 365−360 Ma) strata in Pennsylvania, USA, preserve a diversity of fishes and tetrapods in coastal marine to fluvial depositional environments, making this region ideal for investigating the ecology and evolution of Late Devonian vertebrates. A key unresolved issue has been reconstructing the specific aquatic habitats that hosted various vertebrates during this period. Specifically, the salinity of environments spanning fresh to shallow marine water is difficult to discern from sedimentological and paleontological analyses alone. Here, we analyze rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) as well as stable oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions (δ18O, δ34S) in fossil vertebrate bioapatite from late Famennian (ca. 362−360 Ma) strata of the Catskill and Lock Haven formations in the Appalachian Basin, USA, to determine the relative salinity of their aquatic environments. These results confirm the ecological euryhalinity of several taxa (Bothriolepis sp., tristichopterids, and Holoptychius sp.). Our results are the first demonstrating that some early tetrapod species occupied unequivocally freshwater habitats by late Famennian time (ca. 362−360 Ma). Our study shows that integrating sedimentological and paleontological data with combined oxygen and sulfur isotope analysis allows precise tracing of the relative salinity of vertebrate habitats deep in the past.

Introduction : L’oncogénétique prédictive offre des estimations de risques individuels visant à améliorer les moyens diagnostiques, les mesures préventives et potentiellement thérapeutiques auprès des personnes définies comme étant à risque en raison de leur patrimoine génétique. Malgré les bénéfices de la médecine prédictive, des voix critiques s’élèvent également, car l’utilisation de données génétiques personnelles pose un ensemble de questions sociales et éthiques, autour des motivations et conséquences de l’acquisition de ces informations mais aussi de leurs implications sur la vie des personnes et sur la société. Méthodes : Cet article s’intéresse à la réception des développements en oncogénétique au sein de la société civile. Quatre forums citoyens réalisés dans le canton de Genève ont rassemblé 73 participant.es , âgé.es entre 18 et 78 ans, dont 46 femmes et 27 hommes issu.es de milieux sociaux contrastés. Résultats : Les résultats sont organisés autour de quatre axes sous-tendant le modèle médico-technique de gestion des risques : la valeur des analyses statistiques ; le rôle attribué aux gènes ; la capacité à agir pour anticiper les événements indésirables ; l’importance de la responsabilité individuelle dans les arbitrages liés à la prise en charge de la santé. Conclusions : Les résultats soulignent le soutien apporté à ce modèle, mais aussi les voix critiques mettant en avant les enjeux individuels et collectifs des développements de la médecine de précision.

The summer of 2019 is particularly well known for the famous heatwaves that swept across the European continent, with its associated drought and record-breaking air temperatures. This was followed by powerful thunderstorms, characterised by hail and heavy rain that damaged the crops on a regional scale. Here, we investigated one of the largest storm cells, lasting more than 6 h, which struck southwestern Romania. High-temporal resolution sampling of storm precipitation was performed for stable isotope measurements, rainfall and air temperature, to follow the storm dynamics. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope measurements show an abrupt decreasing temporal trend followed by superimposed V-shaped patterns interpreted as reflecting moisture replenishment by successive rain bands. To model the stable isotope values of precipitation in relation to the general trend of decreasing air temperatures, we applied a numerical Rayleigh condensation model for a non-constant α isotopic fractionation factor between liquid water and water vapour. The storm is powered by four consecutive moisture fronts, each following a Rayleigh distribution. About 40 % of the water vapour condenses during the sampled storm due to adiabatic expansion and cooling, which lowers saturation. Condensation ceases when cooling and absolute humidity can no longer sustain the dew point, stopping the rain. The timing of the event, occurring late at night and early in the morning, its duration of over 6 h as well as its synoptic scale may indicate a mesoscale convective complex.

Motivation: Subterranean biodiversity is increasingly threatened by multiple intertwined anthropogenic impacts, including habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation of resources, biological invasions and climate change. Worryingly, subterranean biodiversity is still poorly represented in conservation agendas, also due to persisting gaps in our knowledge of the organisms thriving in the often‐secluded and difficult‐to‐access subterranean ecosystems. This is even more apparent for small‐sized (body size &lt; 1 mm) groundwater‐dwelling metazoans, among which copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) represent the dominant group in terms of both species richness and biomass. We present a dataset including 6986 occurrence records of 588 species/subspecies of European obligate groundwater‐dwelling copepods. We curated all records to make their taxonomy consistent with the current systematics of Copepoda, while assessing uncertainty in the geographic coordinates by coupling in‐depth web and literature searches with GIS analyses. We suggest the data provided can be used to explore a range of eco‐evolutionary questions—from the drivers of the distribution of groundwater fauna to the assembly of groundwater communities—as well as to prompt the conservation of groundwater biodiversity and more. Main Types of Variables Contained: Occurrence records of groundwater‐dwelling copepods, with details about specimen taxonomy, source of the record, occurrence locality and habitat type. Spatial Location and Grain: Geographical Europe (including western Russian Federation), along with Turkey and Georgia. Occurrence records were assigned projected geographic coordinates (EPSG:3035) at 100 m resolution but with varying spatial uncertainty. Time Period and Grain: 1907–2017. Major Taxa and Level of Measurement: Crustacea: Copepoda. Most records have species‐level identification, while some of them are identified at the subspecies level. Software Format: Comma‐separated values file (.csv) and Excel file (.xlsx), with UTF‐8 encoding and meta‐data provided following the Darwin Core standard.

In forested freshwater ecosystems, benthic detritivorous invertebrates have been recognized as important agents of organic carbon (OC) cycling. In comparison with these detrital-rich ecosystems, OC processing by invertebrates in heterotrophic groundwater ecosystems characterized by low OC availability has been poorly documented. The availability of OC should significantly influence the basal metabolism and the feeding rates of aquatic invertebrates, thus affecting how quickly these organisms are able to process OC sources. Therefore, obligate-groundwater species living in OC-poor ecosystems should process OC sources at lower rates than surface-dwelling species to satisfy their energy requirements. Despite their implications for groundwater ecosystem functioning, conclusive tests of these predictions are lacking. We tested these two predictions by evaluating how the environmental availability of three main OC sources (coarse and fine particulate organic matter, and sedimentary biofilm) influences the basal metabolic and OC consumption rates by four species of freshwater asellid isopods. The four isopod taxa used consist of two surface-dwelling and two obligate-groundwater species inhabiting environments characterized by profoundly asymmetric OC availabilities. As expected, obligate-groundwater asellids exhibited reduced basal metabolic rates in comparison with surface-dwelling asellids. This result was associated with a positive correlation between basal metabolic rates of isopods and the availability of OC in their environments. The processing rate of each OC source was significantly and positively correlated with the basal metabolic rate of isopod species. Finally, obligate-groundwater asellids exhibited reduced metabolic and associated OC processing rates to cope with resource scarcity in groundwater ecosystems. Nevertheless, when OC consumption rates were expressed relative to the quantity of OC in the environment of each species, obligate-groundwater asellids processed at least the same percentages of OC available in their environments as surface-dwelling asellids. This finding suggests that obligate-groundwater isopods could contribute significantly to carbon cycling in their ecosystems.

<div><p>L'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) OMS recommande une pratique régulière d'activité physique dans la perspective du bien vieillir (OMS). Cette injonction nous conduit à examiner les trajectoires d'activités physiques et sportives des femmes âgées de 60 ans et plus, en mettant l'accent sur les assignations sexuées et les inégalités. L'étude s'inscrit dans une approche par les parcours de vie et les normes de genre. Basée sur une enquête mixte incluant un questionnaire de 469 répondants âgés de 60 ans et plus et 67 entretiens semi-directifs, l'analyse identifie quatre trajectoires types : les « continueurs », les « pratiquants modérés ou non-pratiquants », les « engagements tardifs » et les « engagements contrariés ». Le profil « engagement tardif » est dominé par des femmes. Les résultats montrent des différences de genre dans les rapports au corps et à l'activité physique influencées par les socialisations précoces, les motivations et les transitions de vie. L'étude évoque les possibilités de réaménagement des activités avec le vieillissement, en tenant compte des inégalités et dispositions incorporées selon le genre.</p></div>

Exploring the biodiversity hidden in tropical rainforests canopies represents a major frontier in biodiversity research yet remains challenging. Environmental DNA (eDNA) can revolutionize this field as it did already in various ecosystems. Here, we test the hypothesis that eDNA contained in canopy throughfall could be used to monitor this elusive diversity and detect anthropogenic disturbance. Using custom-made, low-cost rain collectors, we sampled rainwash eDNA in a mature Amazonian forest and a nearby tree plantation. We successfully detected eDNA from tropical woody and epiphyte plants, vertebrates (mammals, birds, and amphibians), and insects (e.g., mosquitoes, ants, and beetles). The taxonomic composition and diversity reflected disturbance, with significantly lower diversity in the plantation. Crucially, rainwash eDNA integrated biodiversity over a 10-day period in passive collectors and provided a local signature. This approach has thus potential for establishing a cost-effective monitoring system for tropical moist forest canopies, applicable in impact assessments and sustainable management.

This article adopts a phenomenological approach centred on the embodied experience of free flight. It explores paragliding as a cosmic sport, within a holistic perspective where the body is in continuous dialogue with the invisible forces of air, gravity, and the rhythms of the sky. Departing from performance- or control-oriented conceptions of sport, this research seeks to make visible the sensory and pre-reflective experience of pilots—both novice and expert—in their way of inhabiting the air. Three qualitative field studies were conducted: the accompaniment of high-school students during initial slope training; a longitudinal exploration of novice high school students’ first major paragliding flights; explicitation interviews with experienced cross-country pilots. The methodology combines multisensory experience narratives, eco-consciousness drawings, and interviews supported by GPS flight traces, offering unprecedented access to the fine textures of lived experience, like tensions in the lines, wind pressure on the skin, and the sound of thermals rising. Findings reveal a progressive development of embodied eco-consciousness, from an anthropocentric perspective towards a more cosmic attunement, where body, wing, and elements merge into a unified lived whole. These experiences invite a rethinking of outdoor sports ethics: rather than seeking to master the environment, the aim becomes one of attunement and transformation through it.

Ant-eating mammals represent a textbook example of convergent evolution. Among them, anteaters and pangolins exhibit the most extreme convergent phenotypes with complete tooth loss, elongated skulls, protruding tongues, and hypertrophied salivary glands producing large amounts of saliva. However, comparative genomic analyses have shown that anteaters and pangolins differ in their chitinase acidic gene (CHIA) repertoires, which potentially degrade the chitinous exoskeletons of ingested ants and termites. While the southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla) harbors four functional CHIA paralogs (CHIA1-4), Asian pangolins (Manis spp.) have only one functional paralog (CHIA5). Here, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of salivary glands in 33 placental species, including 16 novel transcriptomes from ant-eating species and close relatives. Our results suggest that salivary glands play an important role in adaptation to an insect-based diet, as expression of different CHIA paralogs is observed in insectivorous species. Furthermore, convergently-evolved pangolins and anteaters express different chitinases in their digestive tracts. In the Malayan pangolin, CHIA5 is overexpressed in all major digestive organs, whereas in the southern tamandua, all four functional paralogs are expressed, at very high levels for CHIA1 and CHIA2 in the pancreas, and for CHIA3 and CHIA4 in the salivary glands, stomach, liver, and pancreas. Overall, our results demonstrate that divergent molecular mechanisms within the chitinase acidic gene family underlie convergent adaptation to the ant-eating diet in pangolins and anteaters. This study highlights the role of historical contingency and molecular tinkering of the chitin-digestive enzyme toolkit in this classic example of convergent evolution.

C’est devenu comme une rengaine : les collectivités territoriales n’ont aucune obligation légale à s’investir dans des politiques sportives (en dehors de la mise à disposition des infrastructures nécessaires à la pratique de l’éducation physique et sportive en école primaire), et pourtant elles le font, c’est donc qu’elles y trouvent un intérêt. Les hypothèses explicatives sont diverses et dépendent grandement de celui ou celle qui les émet, selon sa position et selon le contexte dans lequel il ou elle s’exprime : entre intérêt électoraliste et intérêt des citoyens, toutes les nuances sont possibles. Mais la machine municipale est un peu plus complexe. Et on n’a pas toujours – et on pourrait même dire : pas souvent – le choix. Cet article est une tentative de synthèse des politiques sportives territoriales, par un balayage horizontal et vertical, prenant en compte aussi la dimension temporelle, et en les restituant dans le contexte plus large des politiques publiques locales. Elle résulte d’observations et d’analyses sociologiques, aussi bien quantitatives que qualitatives, accumulées depuis une trentaine d’années.

Cet article présente le programme Ecolo'coteaux, conçu pour améliorer la littératie physique et le rapport à la nature d'enfants issus de milieux défavorisés en France. Sur une année, les élèves ont participé à des activités en plein air combinant éducation en forêt et pratique du vélo. Malgré les défis posés par la pandémie, le programme a permis d'améliorer significativement leurs compétences à savoir rouler à vélo, tout en maintenant le niveau des compétences motrices générales et de motivation à la fois pour l'école et la pratique du vélo, alors que celles-ci décroissaient chez leurs camarades n'ayant pas bénéficié du programme. Cependant, les résultats sur l'activité physique globale et la promotion des attitudes pro-environnementales sont mitigées, soulignant la nécessité d'adapter le programme. Cette initiative met en lumière le rôle crucial d'une éducation physique de qualité pour relever les défis éducatifs actuels, et invite les acteurs de l'Activité Physique à persévérer afin de relever les défis éducatifs liés à l'éducation à l'environnement.

Purpose: Cycling, as a form of active transport, had become a public health issue, relevant for maintaining a sustainable level of daily physical activity. School-based interventions promoting active transport had the potential to encourage more young people to adopt physically active lifestyles, but their impact, designs, and target populations in the literature remained limited. The concept of physical literacy held great promise for developing sustainable education interventions in physical activity, but it had not yet been adapted to the specificities of cycling. This systematic review examined how physical education teachers could design active transport interventions to promote sustained engagement in physical activity. Method: Using the PI(E)CO framework and PRISMA checklist, a research algorithm was applied across eleven databases. The eligibility criteria included school-aged populations, active transport interventions to and/or from school, primary studies, quantitative physical activity outcomes, and English language publications. Results: Six studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Half of these studies had implicitly designed their interventions following the four dimensions of physical literacy, while the other half focused only on the physical dimension. The meta-analysis indicated a non-significant increase in physical activity but a significant negative association between the age of participants and physical activity outcomes. The two studies with the highest impact on physical activity had undertaken a design following the four dimensions of physical literacy adapted to active transport. Discussion/Conclusion: To achieve the effectiveness of active transport school-based interventions, physical education teachers needed to follow the four dimensions of the physical literacy concept from early primary school age.

We report on a new species of Stenasellus Dollfus, 1897 (Isopoda, Stenasellidae) from groundwater of Iran. Stenasellus stygopersicus Jugovic, Malek-Hosseini &amp; Issartel sp. nov. inhabits the Chah Kabootari Cave that is adjacent to the Tashan Cave, the type locality of the first recorded species of Stenasellidae from Iran, Stenasellus tashanicus Khalaji-Pirbalouty, Fatemi, Malek-Hosseini &amp; Kuntner, 2018. Both caves are fed by sulfidic groundwater and belong to the Tashan-Chah Kabootari species-rich aquifer on the Zagros Mountains. Both species are characterized by a large body size (≥ 20 mm), a female-biased sexual size dimorphism, and a distinct black-pigmented Bellonci’s organ. Stenasellus stygopersicus differs from S. tashanicus by a short and wide protopodite of pleopod I, setae set essentially along the apical margin of pleopod I exopodite, the subequal length and width of the male pleopod II protopodite, and deeply bilobed endopodites of pleopods III–V. Molecular evidence suggests that while Stenasellus stygopersicus is sister to S. tashanicus, the species are genetically distinguishable, with divergence time estimates ranging from 23 to 39.8 Ma.

Background France (FR) and New Caledonia (NC) are both French territories, one in Western Europe, the other as part of the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). Despite schooling in similar educational systems, FR and NC adolescents develop distinct relationships with physical activity, which is influenced by the geographical-cultural and symbolic structures of their respective societies. This study explored the distribution of physical activity according to geographical culture and opportunity-temporal dimensions. Methods Participants were randomly selected, with individual (boys vs. girls), spatial (rural vs. urban), and geographical (FR vs. NC) stratifications. Accelerometers GT3X (ActiGraph TM , Pensacola FL, USA) and daily logbooks were used to measure the physical activity intensity and opportunities during the week. Results A total of 156 participants were included in this study. A significant effect was found in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intensity with the geographical-cultural dimension; participants living in FR were more likely to engage in MVPA, especially in five opportunities: school, supervised leisure, home, school breaks, and transport. For both FR and NC adolescents, physical education lessons had the highest MVPA. Conclusion This study showed that MVPA differed in the same national educational system according to geographical culture. Physical education lessons could catch the challenge of an “opportunity education” (opportunities are defined as temporal invitations to engage in PA) by opening the door to two particular opportunities: supervised leisure and active transport.

ABSTRACT The use of environmental DNA to detect species is now widespread in freshwater ecology. However, the detectability of species depends on many factors, such as the quantity of eDNA particles available in the environment and their state (e.g., free DNA fragments, organellar, or aggregated DNA particles). To date, the most advanced knowledge of the production and state of DNA particles concerns teleosts. Most often, these studies target mitochondrial genes, since they are present in multiple copies in a cell. However, it is likely that the characteristics of eDNA molecules vary greatly among taxa and genetic compartments, with direct consequences for species detection. Using an indoor mesocosm experiment, we compared the rate of mitochondrial and nuclear eDNA production and particle size distribution (PSD) of four distinct and common aquatic taxa (zebrafish, tadpole, isopod and mollusk). The tank water was filtered through a series of filters with decreasing porosity and mitochondrial and nuclear eDNA at each size fraction were quantified by qPCR. We found that the production and the size of eDNA particles varied greatly among taxa and genetic compartments. For most taxa, the number of nuclear eDNA particles released in water was higher than that of mitochondrial origin. The PSD of mt‐eDNA showed a pattern common to all taxa: the relative number of particles increased from the smallest size fractions (0.2 μm and less) to the largest (over 1.2 μm), while the distribution of nu‐eDNA was very different from one taxon to another. We also observed a high temporal variability in the quantity of eDNA particles and in PSD, although the latter was more complex to model. These results call for caution in how to sample and analyze eDNA in aquatic environments, particularly for organisms that emit small particles in small quantities such as isopods.

L’article revient sur l’expérience des limites, vécue par les participants de la Chartreuse Terminorum : une course de 300 km qui n’a connu que 2 % de finishers. Par son histoire, ses règles et le défi physique qu’elle propose, l’épreuve met les coureurs en prise avec diverses acceptions du mot « limite ». Basée sur trois années d’immersion au sein du peloton, l’enquête éclaire les relations entre les limites du jeu et les limites des coureurs, à partir de la notion de cadres individuels. Ces limites apparaissent à la fois source d’aliénation et source de résonance. Différents styles de coureur émergent également. L’article fait enfin état d’une injonction à se dépasser. Il interroge alors le sens de cet engagement.

Animal genomes exhibit a remarkable variation in size, but the evolutionary forces responsible for such variation are still debated. As the effective population size (N e ) reflects the intensity of genetic drift, it is expected to be a key determinant of the fixation rate of nearly-neutral mutations. Accordingly, the Mutational Hazard Hypothesis postulates lineages with low N e to have bigger genome sizes due to the accumulation of slightly deleterious transposable elements (TEs), and those with high N e to maintain streamlined genomes as a consequence of a more effective selection against TEs. However, the existence of both empirical confirmation and refutation using different methods and different scales precludes its general validation. Using high-quality public data, we estimated genome size, TE content and rate of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) as N e proxy for 807 species including vertebrates, molluscs and insects. After collecting available life-history traits, we tested the associations among population size proxies, TE content and genome size, while accounting for phylogenetic non-independence. Our results confirm TEs as major drivers of genome size variation, and endorse life-history traits and dN/dS as reliable proxies for N e . However, we do not find any evidence for increased drift to result in an accumulation of TEs across animals. Within more closely related clades, only a few isolated and weak associations emerge in fishes and birds. Our results outline a scenario where TE dynamics vary according to lineage-specific patterns, lending no support for genetic drift as the predominant force driving long-term genome size evolution in animals.

Using the example of sport, this article proposes to analyze border spaces as geographical and relational territories which are constructed and institutionalized by connecting national systems, public policies, stakeholders and representations. After a brief summary of the emergence of the sporting ideology promoting a competition area without borders, we will illustrate our argument based on our analysis of the Franco-German border area constituted as a European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), i.e. the Strasbourg Ortenau Eurodistrict (EDSO). Examples of cooperation and shared sporting activities show that sport is an area of cross-border public action capable of creating Franco-German exchanges and raising the subject of bringing together residents from both sides of the Rhine. However, the field investigation also shows that creating events that bring different populations together is not enough for cultural exchanges to take place.

Cette contribution se propose de comprendre comment la voix des jeunes est prise en compte par les chercheurs au niveau des relations et du corps. L’objet de cet article vise plus particulièrement à explorer le rôle du chercheur médiateur dans sa rencontre avec des adolescents en surpoids au cours d’une enquête ethnographique en éducation physique et sportive. Les relations entre les jeunes et le chercheur sont éclairées par le concept de résonance de Rosa (2019) à travers les dimensions d’affection, de réponse et de transformation de soi. L’analyse de données plurielles (entretiens semi-directifs, notes ethnographiques et entretien d’explicitation) montre comment le chercheur relève les défis des vérités dérangeantes, souvent sensibles et inscrit son action sociale dans la cité. Le filtre de la résonance constitue un indicateur de la réflexivité du chercheur face aux épreuves méthodologiques, éthiques et épistémologiques des enquêtes avec des jeunes; de la posture d’écoute jusqu’à sa diffusion.

This study investigates the trajectories of elite sports actors in Lebanon, focusing on the three most popular sports in the country: football, basketball, and volleyball. Employing a combination of Life Course Theory and Norbert Elias's figurations, the research analyzes data gathered from interviews, academic literature, and official documents. It reveals that despite the complex Lebanese context, sports actors have the capacity to navigate and select various paths within the social and sports figurations. The findings highlight significant influences of religious communities and political structures on these trajectories whilst also identifying margins for freedom and individual strategies. The post-civil war era has distinctly shaped sports actors across generations, evolving toward a diversified and stratified governance in sports. This research underscores the need for a relational approach to comprehend the intricacies of trajectories within the Lebanese sports system.

The majority of microplastics (MPs) found in the environment originate from plastic fragmentation occurring in the environment and are influenced by environmental factors such as UV irradiation and biotic interactions. However, the effects of river drying on plastic fragmentation remain unknown, despite the global prevalence of watercourses experiencing flow intermittence. This study investigates, through laboratory experiments, the coupled effects of drying duration and UV irradiation on PVC film fragmentation induced by artificial mechanical abrasion. This study shows that PVC film fragmentation increases with drying duration through an increase in the abundance and size of formed MPs as well as mass loss from the initial plastic item, with significant differences for drying durations &gt;50% of the experiment duration. The average abundance of formed MPs in treatments exposed to severe drying duration was almost two times higher than in treatments nonexposed to drying. Based on these results, we developed as a proof of concept an Intermittence-Based Plastic Fragmentation Index that may provide insights into plastic fragmentation occurring in river catchments experiencing large hydrological variability. The present study suggests that flow intermittence occurring in rivers and streams can lead to increasing plastic fragmentation, unraveling new insights into plastic pollution in freshwater systems.

Cet article s'intéresse au rôle d'une maison sport santé dans le cadre de la réhabilitation dans le domaine de la psychiatrie. A travers l'analyse de deux parcours parcours sportifs de personnes atteintes de schizophrénie, il questionne les enjeux d'intégration et d'inclusion par le sport.

Rivers and streams contribute to global carbon cycling by decomposing immense quantities of terrestrial plant matter. However, decomposition rates are highly variable and large-scale patterns and drivers of this process remain poorly understood. Using a cellulose-based assay to reflect the primary constituent of plant detritus, we generated a predictive model (81% variance explained) for cellulose decomposition rates across 514 globally distributed streams. A large number of variables were important for predicting decomposition, highlighting the complexity of this process at the global scale. Predicted cellulose decomposition rates, when combined with genus-level litter quality attributes, explain published leaf litter decomposition rates with high accuracy (70% variance explained). Our global map provides estimates of rates across vast understudied areas of Earth and reveals rapid decomposition across continental-scale areas dominated by human activities.

Cet article propose une exploration ethnographique des corps du grand âge au cours « les jeux olympiques des aînés » organisé dans des Établissements ­­d’Hébergement pour Personnes âgées Dépendantes (EHPAD) du Grand Est. Les activités physiques, à travers des ateliers organisés ou les étapes du championnat, sont pensées dans une logique fonctionnaliste ou sociale. Les auteurs proposent un point de vue anthropologique du corps avec les outils de ­­l’ethnographie et de ­­l’anthropologie sur le corps à soi (vital), pour soi (physiologique) et pour les autres (corps montrés) de Dagognet (1992). Le corps éprouvé des 28 résidents exprime autant de joie, que de déception dans les défaites ou douleurs ressenties. Au vu des socialisations sportives antérieures de la majorité des participantes et des participants, les Olympiades sont ­­l’occasion de réactiver un capital sportif incorporé. ­­L’habitus sportif, mis à mal par le vieillissement, se voit réactivé par la situation sportive.

Septembre 1960 : Pier Paolo Pasolini, écrivain-poète-cinéaste, intellectuel subversif et chroniqueur des JO de Rome 1960, porte un regard critique sur ce grand événement sportif international (GESI). On ne peut pas soupçonner « l’écrivain-sportif » de mépriser le sport et les sportifs (à l’instar de nombreux intellectuels des années 1960) puisqu’il est lui-même passionné de football (le sport populaire par excellence) et de sport en général. Il qualifie pourtant les JO de spectacle « bourgeois » et dénonce l’absence des classes populaires parmi les spectateurs des JO. Dans un recueil de lettres écrites à sa mère en 1960, Pasolini note « J’espère pouvoir venir te voir à Casarsa (petite ville du Nord -Est de l’Italie où vit sa mère) pour échapper aux Jeux olympiques ». Cette forme de contestation des JO de Rome de Pasolini reste néanmoins marginale d’autant plus qu’aucune étude ne relève une opposition des Italiens aux JO et aucune archive ne signale des voix discordantes. Pourtant, une partie des habitants de Rome, ceux des borgate (bidonvilles et banlieues), regrette de ne pas pouvoir assister au spectacle qui a lieu dans leur ville. Grâce aux chroniques et aux observations de Pasolini dans la revue Vie nuove -proche du Parti Communiste Italien-, on sait que les habitants des banlieues de Rome sont non seulement les oubliés de l’histoire italienne mais aussi du spectacle de JO « élitistes ». Octobre 2016 : la candidature de Rome aux Jeux olympiques de 2024 est abandonnée suite à un mouvement de contestation menée par le mouvement « populiste » Cinque Stelle (Cinq Etoiles) puis, par l’élection de la nouvelle, maire Virginia Raggi, issue de ce mouvement. Portée par le gouvernement italien, le Comité Olympique National Italien (CONI) et le maire romain du Parti Démocrate en place en 2015, la candidature de Rome aux JO 2024 n’est pourtant pas soutenu par les habitants. A l’époque, aucune concertation n’avait été organisée avec les services et l'administration de la ville, ni avec la population. La campagne des municipales à Rome en 2015-2016 s'est polarisée sur la question de la candidature des JOP essentiellement lors du deuxième tour. Celui-ci a opposé le candidat du Parti démocrate (PD - soutenu par le chef du gouvernement italien Matteo Renzi fervent partisan des JOP à Rome), et Virginia Raggi (mouvement « 5 Etoiles » –M5S-) laquelle a clairement annoncé son opposition à l’organisation des JOP dans la capitale romaine, conformément au programme du mouvement « 5 Etoiles ». Elue au mois de juin 2016, la nouvelle maire de Rome retire quatre mois après le soutien de la municipalité au projet, estimant qu’il était « irresponsable de dire oui à cette candidature » et d’accepter les « Jeux du béton » ainsi qualifiés par l’opposition municipale Cinq Etoiles. Le 29 septembre 2016, le conseil municipal de Rome, dominé par le Mouvement cinq étoiles dont est issue Mme Raggi, vote un texte dans ce sens. Ces deux exemples montrent que l’analyse des JO et de leur candidature ouvre un champ de recherche inédit sur le sens et les formes des contestations non seulement aux grands événements sportifs internationaux (GESI) mais également aux choix d’urbanisme et, finalement, de société. Dotée d’une forte culture sportive compétitive, l’Italie constitue un exemple très éclairant tant des débats politiques autour de l’organisation des méga-événements sportifs que de la transformation du rapport des populations résidentes aux candidatures de leur ville aux JO. La comparaison entre Rome 1960 et la candidature en 2014 met en exergue la différence de nature de la contestation ainsi que la diversité des acteurs qui la portent. D’un côté, un intellectuel singulier et controversé, amateur de sport et proche du PCI. En critiquant l’élitisme social des JO et l’exclusion des classes populaires, Pasolini est en avance sur son temps. Il reste pourtant isolé, y compris au sein du PCI et du monde intellectuel ; mais il préfigure les formes de contestation qui émergeront à partir des années 2000. De l’autre, un mouvement populiste utilisant les JO dans sa campagne pour porter la voix des citoyens et gagner le pouvoir municipal. Ce retrait de la candidature de Rome en 2016 est également un effet du champ politique local et de l’émergence de nouveaux acteurs politiques, dans une conjoncture particulière et qui s’inscrit dans l’histoire politique de l’Italie.

<div><p>1. Hydrologic management of shallow lakes is often undertaken to prevent fluctuations in lake level, and to ensure sufficient water volume for economic, domestic, and recreational uses, but there is inconsistent evidence of whether lake-level stabilisation through hydrological management promotes or hinders eutrophication.</p><p>2. Here we used multi-proxy paleolimnological assessments of water quality (sedimentary carbon, nitrogen, total phosphorus, fossil pigments), and zooplankton community ecology (fossil Cladocera assemblages), combined with Landsatderived estimates of lake surface area in two shallow eutrophic lakes, in the Prairies of southern Saskatchewan, Canada, to quantify how 8 decades of contrasting hydrological management strategies (continuous or intermittent) affect primary production and phytoplankton composition.</p><p>3. Analysis revealed that irregular hydrological management of Pelican Lake led to sharp increases in primary production concomitant with lake-level decline. In contrast, continuously managed Buffalo Pound Lake, a drinking water reservoir for regional cities, exhibited slow, persistent eutrophication over decades despite active regulation of water levels. In both lakes, strong correlations of δ 15 N values with pigments from diazotrophic cyanobacteria (canthaxanthin) showed that N 2 -fixation increased during eutrophication irrespective of the timing of change.</p><p>Finally, variation in fossil cladoceran density and composition reflected changes in pelagic and littoral habitats (e.g., reduced macrophyte cover) due to changes in both lake level and water quality.</p><p>4. Basin comparison shows that while hydrologic management can moderate water quality degradation due to lake-level change, it does not prevent eutrophication when nutrient influx remains high.</p></div>

We present GTDrift, a comprehensive data resource that enables explorations of genomic and transcriptomic characteristics alongside proxies of the intensity of genetic drift in individual species. This resource encompasses data for 1506 eukaryotic species, including 1413 animals and 93 green plants, and is organized in three components. The first two components contain approximations of the effective population size, which serve as indicators of the extent of random genetic drift within each species. In the first component, we meticulously investigated public databases to assemble data on life history traits such as longevity, adult body length and body mass for a set of 979 species. The second component includes estimations of the ratio between the rate of non-synonymous substitutions and the rate of synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) in protein-coding sequences for 1324 species. This ratio provides an estimate of the efficiency of natural selection in purging deleterious substitutions. Additionally, we present polymorphism-derived Ne estimates for 66 species. The third component encompasses various genomic and transcriptomic characteristics. With this component, we aim to facilitate comparative transcriptomics analyses across species, by providing easy-to-use processed data for more than 16 000 RNA-seq samples across 491 species. These data include intron-centered alternative splicing frequencies, gene expression levels and sequencing depth statistics for each species, obtained with a homogeneous analysis protocol. To enable cross-species comparisons, we provide orthology predictions for conserved single-copy genes based on BUSCO gene sets. To illustrate the possible uses of this database, we identify the most frequently used introns for each gene and we assess how the sequencing depth available for each species affects our power to identify major and minor splice variants.

Les travaux sur la transformation du lait cru ont rendu compte de la diversité des savoirs et des pratiques des fromagers et fromagères pour entretenir un environnement microbien dans les lieux et sur les objets de la fabrication. Cet article s’intéresse aux pratiques d’« hygiène » dans la transformation fromagère fermière en Auvergne et en Ariège. Il décrit la séquence temporelle entre ces actions et celles de manipulation de la matière, et comment par une conscience gestuelle, ces pratiques s’efforcent d’éviter les contaminations par des microorganismes indésirables. L’article pointe ainsi comment ces préparations se situent dans un continuum avec les actions de fabrication, mais nécessitent cependant l’incorporation de savoirs spécifiques. Il montre enfin comment, par une préparation de l’espace fondée sur la distinction entre des lieux et des objets « propres » et d’autres « sales », les activités de nettoyage et de rangement participent à orienter le travail avec les microorganismes.

Recent studies on the distribution of microplastics in aquatic sediments have deployed different methods and devices for density separation of microplastics from sediments. However, instrument specific limitations have been noted, including their high cost, difficulty in handling, or/and the potential for elevated contamination risk due to their plastic composition. This study improves existing sediment microplastic separation techniques by modifying the commonly used conical shape glass separating funnels. The modification consists in connecting a silicone tube at the base of the funnel, whose opening and closure was manually controlled by a Mohr clamp. This adjust- ment made to the funnels have effectively mitigated critical clogging problems frequently encoun- tered in density separation units. An experiment was conducted using sand-based sediment spiked with polyamide fragments to validate this method modification. Following a complete extraction protocol with the modification of separating funnels, the microplastic extraction efficiency from sediments was high with a 90% recovery rate. Based on these promising results, future studies should consider naturally diverse substrates, as recovery efficiency may be sediment-dependent. Two key adjustments to the glass separation funnels: • Removal of stopcocks • Use of silicone tubes and Mohr clamps to control sediment release

Agricultural run-off in Australia's Mackay-Whitsunday region is a major source of nutrient and pesticide pollution to coastal and inshore ecosystems of the Great Barrier Reef. While the effects of run-off are well documented for the region's coral and seagrass habitats, the ecological impacts on estuaries, the direct recipients of run-off, are less known. This is particularly true for fish communities, which are shaped by the physico-chemical properties of coastal waterways that vary greatly in tropical regions. To address this knowledge gap, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to examine fish assemblages at four locations (three estuaries and a harbour) subjected to varying levels of agricultural run-off during a wet and dry season. Pesticide and nutrient concentrations were markedly elevated during the sampled wet season with the influx of freshwater and agricultural run-off. Fish taxa richness significantly decreased in all three estuaries (F = 164.73, P = &lt;0.001), along with pronounced changes in community composition (F = 46.68, P = 0.001) associated with environmental variables (largely salinity: 27.48% contribution to total variance). In contrast, the nearby Mackay Harbour exhibited a far more stable community structure, with no marked changes in fish assemblages observed between the sampled seasons. Among the four sampled locations, variation in fish community composition was more pronounced within the wet season (F = 2.5, P = 0.001). Notably, variation in the wet season was significantly correlated with agricultural contaminants (phosphorus: 6.25%, pesticides: 5.22%) alongside environmental variables (salinity: 5.61%, DOC: 5.57%). Historically contaminated and relatively unimpacted estuaries each demonstrated distinct fish communities, reflecting their associated catchment use. Our findings emphasise that while seasonal effects play a key role in shaping the community structure of fish in this region, agricultural contaminants are also important contributors in estuarine systems.

Le Street Workout (SWT), mélange de musculation au poids du corps, de gymnastique informelle et d’influences hip-hop, est né de la précarité des quartiers populaires américains. Il s’est diffusé mondialement dès 2008 via YouTube, notamment dans les quartiers populaires français. Cet article socio-anthropologique, adoptant une approche ethnographique immersive, explore comment la jeunesse d’un quartier périphérique strasbourgeois a créé un spot de SWT dans un centre socioculturel. Cette activité, à la fois physique, sportive, artistique et ludique, se transforme en une forme d’éducation populaire, permettant aux jeunes d’apprendre et de transformer leurs expériences de vulnérabilité en résistance, émancipation et reconnaissance sociale face à leurs conditions de vie.

Abstract Context Global change, including land-use change and habitat degradation, has led to a decline in biodiversity, more so in freshwater than in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the research on freshwaters lags behind terrestrial and marine studies, highlighting the need for innovative approaches to comprehend freshwater biodiversity. Objectives We investigated patterns in the relationships between biotic uniqueness and abiotic environmental uniqueness in drainage basins worldwide. Methods We compiled high-quality data on aquatic insects (mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies at genus-level) from 42 drainage basins spanning four continents. Within each basin we calculated biotic uniqueness (local contribution to beta diversity, LCBD) of aquatic insect assemblages, and four types of abiotic uniqueness (local contribution to environmental heterogeneity, LCEH), categorized into upstream land cover, chemical soil properties, stream site landscape position, and climate. A mixed-effects meta-regression was performed across basins to examine variations in the strength of the LCBD-LCEH relationship in terms of latitude, human footprint, and major continental regions (the Americas versus Eurasia). Results On average, relationships between LCBD and LCEH were weak. However, the strength and direction of the relationship varied among the drainage basins. Latitude, human footprint index, or continental location did not explain significant variation in the strength of the LCBD-LCEH relationship. Conclusions We detected strong context dependence in the LCBD-LCEH relationship across the drainage basins. Varying environmental conditions and gradient lengths across drainage basins, land-use change, historical contingencies, and stochastic factors may explain these findings. This context dependence underscores the need for basin-specific management practices to protect the biodiversity of riverine systems.

<div><p>Gynodioecy, the coexistence of hermaphrodites with females, often reflects conflicts between cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes and nuclear genes restoring male fertility. CMS is frequent in plants, and has been recently discovered in one animal: the freshwater snail Physa acuta. In this system, CMS was linked to a single divergent mitochondrial genome (D), devoid of apparent nuclear restoration. Our study uncovers a second, novel CMS-associated mitogenome (K) in Physa acuta, demonstrating an extraordinary acceleration of molecular evolution throughout the entire K mitochondrial genome, akin to the previously observed pattern in D. This suggests a pervasive occurrence of accelerated evolution in both CMSassociated lineages. Through a 17-generation introgression experiment, we further show that nuclear polymorphisms in K-mitogenome individuals contribute to the restoration of male function in natural populations. Our results underscore shared characteristics in gynodioecy between plants and animals, emphasizing the presence of multiple CMS mitotypes and cytonuclear conflicts. This reaffirms the pivotal role of mitochondria in influencing male function and in generating genomic conflicts that impact reproductive processes in animals.</p></div>

Rivers form meta‐ecosystems, in which disturbance and connectivity control biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and their interactions across the river network, but also across connected instream and riparian ecosystems. This aquatic–terrestrial linkage is modified by drying, a disturbance that also naturally fragments river networks and thereby modifies organism dispersal and organic matter (OM) transfers across the river network. However, little evidence of the effects of drying on river network‐scale OM cycling exists. Here, we assessed the effects of fragmentation by drying at the river meta‐ecosystem scale by monitoring leaf resource stocks, invertebrate communities and decomposition rates, across three seasons and 20 sites, in the instream and riparian habitats of a river network naturally fragmented by drying. Although instream leaf resource quantity and quality increased, leaf‐shredder invertebrate richness and abundance decreased with flow intermittence. Decomposition was, however, mainly driven by network‐scale fragmentation and connectivity. Shredder richness and invertebrate‐driven decomposition both peaked at sites with intermediate amounts of intermittent reaches upstream, suggesting that upstream drying can promote the biodiversity and functioning of downstream ecosystems. Shredder richness, however, had a negative effect on decomposition in perennial sites, likely due to interspecific competition. Leaf quantity, invertebrate communities and invertebrate‐driven decomposition became more similar between instream and riparian habitats as drying frequency increased, likely due to homogenization of environmental conditions between both habitats as the river dried. Our study demonstrates the paramount effects of drying on the dynamics of resources, communities and ecosystem functioning in rivers and presents evidence of one of the first network‐scale examples of the co‐drivers of ecosystem functions across terrestrial–aquatic boundaries.

Abstract Objective We examined how responsibility (the “duty to inform relatives about genetic testing results”) is understood and enacted among Swiss and Korean women carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants. Methods In-depth interviews and/or focus groups with 46 Swiss and 22 Korean carriers were conducted, using an identical interview guide. Data were analyzed inductively and translated into English for cross-country comparisons. Results We identified five modes of responsibility in both samples: Persuader, Enabler, Relayer, Delayer, and Decliner. The Enabler and Relayer modes were the most common in both countries. They followed the rational imperative of health and norms of competence and self-determination, respectively. The Relayer mode transmitted information without trying to influence relatives’ decisions. The Delayer and Decliner modes withheld information, deeming it the best way to safeguard the family during that specific moment of its trajectory. Responsibility to disclose testing results was influenced by culturally diverging conceptions of the family unit and socio-contextual norms. Conclusion Responsibility primarily reflects the imperative of health prevention; findings demonstrate various interpretations, including the sense of family caring achieved through controlled disclosure of genetic information. Practice implications Findings offer healthcare providers socio-anthropological insights to assist probands navigate the disclosure of genetic information within their families.

The nature and extent of diversity in the plankton has fascinated scientists for over a century. Initially, the discovery of many new species in the remarkably uniform and unstructured pelagic environment appeared to challenge the concept of ecological niches. Later, it became obvious that only a fraction of plankton diversity had been formally described, because plankton assemblages are dominated by understudied eukaryotic lineages with small size that lack clearly distinguishable morphological features. The high diversity of the plankton has been confirmed by comprehensive metabarcoding surveys, but interpretation of the underlying molecular taxonomies is hindered by insufficient integration of genetic diversity with morphological taxonomy and ecological observations. Here we use planktonic foraminifera as a study model and reveal the full extent of their genetic diversity and investigate geographical and ecological patterns in their distribution. To this end, we assembled a global data set of ~7600 ribosomal DNA sequences obtained from morphologically characterised individual foraminifera, established a robust molecular taxonomic framework for the observed diversity, and used it to query a global metabarcoding data set covering ~1700 samples with ~2.48 billion reads. This allowed us to extract and assign 1 million reads, enabling characterisation of the structure of the genetic diversity of the group across ~1100 oceanic stations worldwide. Our sampling revealed the existence of, at most, 94 distinct molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) at a level of divergence indicative of biological species. The genetic diversity only doubles the number of formally described species identified by morphological features. Furthermore, we observed that the allocation of genetic diversity to morphospecies is uneven. Only 16 morphospecies disguise evolutionarily significant genetic diversity, and the proportion of morphospecies that show genetic diversity increases poleward. Finally, we observe that MOTUs have a narrower geographic distribution than morphospecies and that in some cases the MOTUs belonging to the same morphospecies (cryptic species) have different environmental preferences. Overall, our analysis reveals that even in the light of global genetic sampling, planktonic foraminifera diversity is modest and finite. However, the extent and structure of the cryptic diversity reveals that genetic diversification is decoupled from morphological diversification, hinting at different mechanisms acting at different levels of divergence.

Regional heterothermy is a strategy used by marine mammals to maintain a high and stable core body temperature, but its identification needs in situ measurements difficult to set up in extant wild organisms and inapplicable to extinct ones. We have analysed the oxygen isotope composition of bioapatite phosphate (δ18Op) from one permanent tooth and from thirty-six skeletal elements of one adult male harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) from the Baie de Somme (Hauts-de-France, France). We propose that the observed intra-skeletal δ18Op variability reflects tissue temperature heterogeneities typical of the pinniped regional heterothermy strategy. Our δ18Op data indicate that bone hydroxylapatite from harbour seal autopod skeletal elements (metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanxes) mineralises at a lower temperature than that of the bone from the axial skeleton (e.g. vertebrae, ribs, and girdle bones). The results suggest that it is possible to locate a history of regional heterothermies in amphibious marine vertebrates using the δ18Op values of their mineralised tissues. This enables direct evaluation of the thermophysiology of both modern and fossil Pinnipedia from their skeletons opening perspectives on understanding their thermal adaptation to the marine environment in the fossil record. In addition to thermophysiology, oxygen isotope data from the permanent teeth of Pinnipedia, which are formed during the in utero phase from body fluid of the mother and at a stable temperature, could be valuable for locating the geographical areas inhabited by existing Pinnipedia females during their gestation period.

Les grands lacs artificiels créés par les barrages hydro-électriques tropicaux contribuent largement aux émissions de gaz à effets de serre (GES) par les hydrosystèmes continentaux. Bien que ces réservoirs d’eau aient noyé des sols, la minéralisation à long terme de la matière organique (MO) qu’ils contiennent est très peu documentée dans la littérature. La mise en eau du réservoir de Petit Saut en 1994 a noyé plus de 300 km2 de forêt tropicale et provoqué l'anoxie de l'hypolimnion et l’émission d’un flux considérable de GES. Après un pic en 1996-1998, les concentrations de CH4 dissous dans les eaux en sortie de barrage ont fortement diminué entre 1998 à 2005, et se sont stabilisées à un niveau faible depuis. Le parallélisme entre évolutions du fer et du méthane dissous dans les eaux en sortie de barrage suggère qu’ils proviennent de la réduction des sols noyés. La comparaison de sols témoins prélevés sous forêt en bordure de la retenue et de sols noyés depuis 25 ans montre : - Une baisse de près de 50 % de la teneur en MO des sols noyés par rapport aux sols témoins, ainsi qu’une baisse de l’indice d’hydrogène de la MO, et une augmentation de son δ13 C, ce qui suggère une minéralisation rapide de la MO des sols en l’absence d’oxygène et surtout de sa fraction la plus énergétique. - Une forte corrélation entre teneurs en MO et en oxyde de fer dans les sols témoins, qui devient faible dans les sols noyés. En revanche, la faible corrélation entre Fe-oxyde et Fe-amorphe dans les sols témoins devient forte dans les sols noyés, ce qui suggère une transformation de Fe oxyde en Fe amorphe. Les taux de minéralisation de la MO des sols témoins et noyés rapportés à leur teneur en carbone, mesuré en anoxie au laboratoire, diffère peu, ce qui suggère une minéralisation continue et permanente de la MO des sols noyés. En revanche, le taux de production de méthane par les sols noyés est très faible. Les âges 14 C de la MO des sols noyés, des bulles de méthane présentes dans ces sols, et du méthane dissous dans l'hypolimnion près du barrage sont proches de l'âge de la retenue. L’ensemble suggère qu’une fraction de MO réactive des sols, liée aux oxy-hydroxydes de fer, libérée par réduction et dissolution du fer lorsque les sols sont noyés, est la source à court et à long terme du méthane et d’une fraction importante des GES émis pas les réservoirs tropicaux.

Au lieu de faire « gigoter des élèves trente minutes » en instaurant trente minutes d’activité physique quotidienne à l’école primaire, il faudrait éduquer les jeunes à s’engager durablement dans un mode de vie actif et sportif, estime, dans une tribune au « Monde », un collectif de quatre spécialistes de l’enseignement du sport

<div><p>Inland waters are one of the largest natural sources of methane (CH 4 ), a potent greenhouse gas, but emissions models and estimates were developed for solute-poor ecosystems and may not apply to salt-rich inland waters. Here we combine field surveys and eddy covariance measurements to show that salinity constrains microbial CH 4 cycling through complex mechanisms, restricting aquatic emissions from one of the largest global hardwater regions (the Canadian Prairies). Existing models overestimated CH 4 emissions from ponds and wetlands by up to several orders of magnitude, with discrepancies linked to salinity. While not significant for rivers and larger lakes, salinity interacted with organic matter availability to shape CH 4 patterns in small lentic habitats. We estimate that excluding salinity leads to overestimation of emissions from small Canadian Prairie waterbodies by at least 81% ( ~1 Tg yr -1 CO 2 equivalent), a quantity comparable to other major national emissions sources. Our findings are consistent with patterns in other hardwater landscapes, likely leading to an overestimation of global lentic CH 4 emissions. Widespread salinization of inland waters may impact CH 4 cycling and should be considered in future projections of aquatic emissions.</p><p>Methane (CH 4 ) is a potent greenhouse gas responsible for 16% of current atmospheric radiative forcing 1 . Inland waters are the largest natural source of CH 4 , emitting 398.1 (±79.4) TgCH 4 yr -1 2,3 . However, this number is largely based on measurements performed in solutepoor waters 2,4-6 , despite salt-rich systems representing roughly half of the global inland water volume 7 and a fifth of inland water surface area (ref. 8 and references therein). There is clear evidence that salinity, particularly as sulfate (SO 4 2-), inhibits CH 4 production through multiple mechanisms, which may lead to lower CH 4 emissions from these systems 9-12 . The paucity of empirical data from salt-rich inland waters raises questions about our current understanding of aquatic CH 4 regulation and about the accuracy of global CH 4 emissions estimates.</p><p>The salinity of aquatic ecosystems shapes microbial communities 13 , in particular the abundance and distribution of methanogens and methanotrophs 14,15 . Methanogenesis is the least energy-efficient carbon (C) mineralization process in the redox chain. An abundance of ions favors more energetically efficient reactions, with sulfate (SO 4 2-) and iron (Fe 3+ ) reducers outcompeting methanogens for labile C substrate</p></div>

The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha is one of the most successful, notorious, and detrimental aquatic invasive non‐native species worldwide, having invaded Europe and North America while causing substantial ecological and socio‐economic impacts. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal trends in this species' invasion success using 178 macroinvertebrate abundance time series, containing 1451 records of D. polymorpha collected across nine European countries between 1972–2019. Using these raw (absolute) abundance data, we examined trends and drivers of occurrences and relative abundances of D. polymorpha within invaded communities. Meta‐regression models revealed non‐significant trends both at the European level and for the majority of the invaded countries, except for France (significant decreasing trend) and Hungary (marginally positive trend). At the European level, the number of D. polymorpha occurrences over time followed a flat‐top bell‐shaped distribution, with a steep increase between 1973–1989 followed by a plateau phase prior to significantly declining post‐1998. Using a series of climatic and hydromorphological site‐specific characteristics of invaded and uninvaded sites from two periods (1998–2002; 2011–2015), we found that native richness, non‐native abundance, distance to the next barrier, and elevation were associated with the occurrence of D. polymorpha . We also found that higher native richness and lower latitude were related to lower relative abundances. Using Cohen's D as a measure of D. polymorpha impact, we found that biodiversity within the invaded sites was initially higher than in uninvaded ones, but then declined, suggesting differences in biodiversity trends across invaded and uninvaded sites. While our results emphasise the high invasion success of D. polymorpha , increasing stressors within the context of global change – particularly ongoing climate change – are likely to enhance invasion rates and the impact of D. polymorpha in the near future, exacerbated by the lack of timely and effective management actions.

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter les effets d’un programme interventionnel sur l’évolution des attitudes environnementales des bénéficiaires. Soixante-dix enfants de 10,1±0,6 ans inscrits en zone d’éducation prioritaire REP+ ont été séparés en un groupe test (n=42) et un groupe témoin (n=28). Le groupe test a bénéficié d’un programme d’éducation en plein air combinant Forest School et programme d’éducation à l’aventure au cours de l’année scolaire. Le questionnaire psychométrique de Bogner (2018) a permis de catégoriser les attitudes environnementales des enfants selon trois profils (anthropocentré, neutre, écocentré), et les paragons de chacune des catégories ont été interrogés à trois reprises à l’aide d’entretiens d’autoconfrontation. Les résultats quantitatifs ne montrent pas d’évolution significative durant le programme, cependant les entretiens énactifs suggèrent le renforcement des velléités de protection de la nature dans les trois profils. En revanche, les scores d’appréciation de la nature ont diminué chez les élèves écocentrés et neutres, comme si le contact régulier avec la nature était un défi pour ces élèves qui les amenait à moins l’apprécier. Le programme d’intervention Ecolo’coteaux offre un aperçu des avantages potentiels des programmes d’éducation en plein air pour promouvoir la sensibilisation à l’environnement et favoriser une meilleure compréhension du monde naturel.

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Prévenir l’obésité est devenu un enjeu majeur de santé publique. Ainsi, depuis quelques années des programmes dénommés sport-santé sont proposés à des étudiant·e·s dont l’indice de masse corporelle est supérieur ou égal à 30. En associant suivis médical, diététique, sportif et psychologique, les étudiant·e·s concerné·e·s sont invité·e·s à s’engager dans une entreprise de « sortie de l’obésité ». Mais comment cet engagement est-il vécu ? L’article rend compte des attentes exprimées par rapport au programme sport-santé relevant de motifs tantôt sanitaires, tantôt esthétiques. Il propose aussi, à travers l’exemple de deux bénéficiaires, de souligner l’existence de formes différenciées d’appropriation des injonctions normatives de retour à un poids « normal » et de rapport à l’idéal corporel prescrit. Le recueil de plusieurs entretiens sur une période d’environ deux ans avec des étudiant·e·s participant à un tel programme permet de mieux appréhender les appropriations différenciées.

Over the last millennium, the town of Aghmat (Morocco) has undergone major socio-economic changes, raising the question of how these transformations have affected the development of agricultural systems and exploited landscapes over time. This preliminary pilot study brings together for the first time carpological, anthracological, and isotopic results from the Aghmat archaeological program that show a certain stability for staple productions (cereals, fruit) over the last millennium, and the exploitation of various landscapes. A shift appears to occur during the late Middle Ages, potentially due to more favorable conditions, with a specialization in olive cultivation as early as the fourteenth century, and significant deforestation following this olive growing boom. During the modern period, the importance of olive cultivation is confirmed, whether or not in conjunction with a decline in water availability and what appears to be irreversible deforestation.

In the current context of climate changes, which causes strong habitat variation, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant community dynamics is crucial to predict species fates. The taking of inter- and intraspecific trait variability into account would aid the identification of these mechanisms. Recently, a method involving the calculation of hypervolumes (n-dimensional spaces of trait values) was developed for the study of plant responses to their environments. Through hypervolume comparison, we examined the effects of interannual variations in abiotic conditions on aquatic plant communities in ponds of the sub-Antarctic Iles Kerguelen. This model system is particularly relevant for the examination of the consequences of climate changes–related habitat variation, as aquatic plant communities are adapted to cold and overall stable habitat conditions and the sub-Antarctic climate is changing rapidly. We conducted field sampling over four years at three sites. For all aquatic species, we measured five foliar, shoot, and clonal traits characterizing individual growth strategies that are likely to respond to variations in abiotic conditions on 1565 ramets over the four years. We measured 10 abiotic variables to characterize the plants’ habitats every three months during the survey period. Hypervolumes were calculated for each site and year to assess variation in aquatic plant strategies at the community level. We demonstrated (i) the importance of spatiotemporal gradients of trophic status, temperature, and pH and dissolved oxygen concentration for the functional structure of aquatic plant communities; (ii) that the shape of the mean response was trait dependent, with traits related to plant metabolism (specific leaf area and specific internode mass) and three-dimensional space exploration (height and internode length) responding to the three spatiotemporal abiotic gradients; (iii) that selection pressures were especially high on aerial traits relative to clonal traits; and (iv) that given the community response to interannual variations of abiotic conditions, environmental changes should impact macrophyte community productivity. Synthesis. We conclude that the examination of interannual abiotic variation over four years is sufficient to detect rapid responses of macrophyte communities, with likely reliance on phenotypic plasticity. Our findings may inform the characterization of future functional changes in aquatic plant communities of the sub-Antarctic region, where similar species are found.

Competition, facilitation, and predation offer alternative explanations for successional patterns of migratory herbivores. However, these interactions are difficult to measure, leaving uncertainty about the mechanisms underlying body-size-dependent grazing—and even whether succession occurs at all. We used data from an 8-year camera-trap survey, GPS-collared herbivores, and fecal DNA metabarcoding to analyze the timing, arrival order, and interactions among migratory grazers in Serengeti National Park. Temporal grazing succession is characterized by a “push-pull” dynamic: Competitive grazing nudges zebra ahead of co-migrating wildebeest, whereas grass consumption by these large-bodied migrants attracts trailing, small-bodied gazelle that benefit from facilitation. “Natural experiments” involving intense wildfires and rainfall respectively disrupted and strengthened these effects. Our results highlight a balance between facilitative and competitive forces in co-regulating large-scale ungulate migrations.

Utiliser une approche Slow pour analyser l’accueil des jeunes enfants présente un intérêt pour les tout-petits comme pour les adultes qui les accompagnent. Les sorties en milieu naturel offrent maintes opportunités de ralentir le rythme et de vivre des expériences riches de sens. Le fait de laisser l’enfant prendre le temps d’explorer et de s’émerveiller des possibilités que la nature lui donne pourrait favoriser chez lui le développement d’une écosensibilité.

Purpose : To provide safe and high-quality physical education, this study analyzed a physical literacy school-based intervention on active transport to school. Method : A total of 185 pupils (age mean = 11.76 ± 0.52; 46% girls) participated in the intervention. Pupils from test ( n = 110) and control ( n = 75) groups completed a survey based on their perceptions of the four dimensions of physical literacy (physical, cognitive, psychological, and social). Results : The test group displayed a significantly higher level of overall physical literacy compared with the control group (14.9 vs. 13.4) and also in the specific physical (16.4 vs. 15.3), cognitive (16.0 vs. 12.8), and psychological (15.3 vs. 13.8) dimensions. Boys recorded a significantly higher score than girls (16.7 vs. 14.5), particularly in the test group where girls showed less improvement than boys compared with the control group (+2.78 vs. +1.76). Discussion/Conclusion : Physical literacy is a dynamic process, which may be useful to reinforce the importance of incorporating this concept into physical education lesson planning while focusing on gender differences.

Research on ultra-endurance trail-running is multiplying, a testament to this sport’s popularity. How does the scientific literature in human and social sciences contribute to the understanding of trail-running? How can trail running be defined as an object of study from the existing data and works? This article contributes understanding this societal trend from a multidisciplinary literature review of human and social sciences on ultra-trail running. A scoping qualitative analysis of their contents allows identifying three major themes: 1) Commitment and profiles of ultra-trail runners; 2) Embodiment and mental aspects; 3) Events and territories. These findings made it possible to summarize the work carried out to date and constitute a starting point for developing other approaches. It appears that beyond the disciplinary anchors, the results presented resonate with each other as much as they highlight a certain number of paradoxes, which is representative of the discipline itself. Considering these observations, some avenues can be explored to expand upon these approaches and studies.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) level at the sediment-water interface is one key factor controlling redox- sensitive processes such as nutrient cycling. Microcosm experiments with sediment collected from three reservoirs were performed to quantify the influences of water column oxygenation (oxic, anoxic, oxygen fluctuation), sediment characteristics (grain size distribution, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents, microbial activities) and their interactions on nutrient fluxes from sediments to the water column. Algal growth bioassays were also performed using water from the microcosms to determine which conditions produced the most favorable growth conditions. Anoxic conditions increased the release of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), mainly as ammonium and phosphates, compared to the other DO conditions. Such effects were likely due to an inhibition of the nitrification-denitrification coupling process for DIN, and a reductive dissolution of Fe (III)-oxides for phosphates. Following this increased nutrient availability, algal growth in the bioassays was the highest in water collected from microcosms exposed to anoxic conditions. Under both oxic and anoxic conditions, the percentage of fine sediment particles led to decreasing DIN and phosphates fluxes by reducing the nutrient diffusion rate from sediments to the water column. Finally, both DO and sediment grain size controlled the contribution of sediments to reservoir eutrophication.

Les grands lacs artificiels créés par les barrages hydro-électriques tropicaux contribuent largement aux émissions de gaz à effets de serre (GES) par les hydrosystèmes continentaux. Bien que ces réservoirs d’eau aient noyé des sols, la minéralisation à long terme de la matière organique (MO) qu’ils contiennent est très peu documentée dans la littérature. La mise en eau du réservoir de Petit Saut en 1994 a noyé plus de 300 km2 de forêt tropicale et provoqué l'anoxie de l'hypolimnion et l’émission d’un flux considérable de GES. Après un pic en 1996-1998, les concentrations de CH4 dissous dans les eaux en sortie de barrage ont fortement diminué entre 1998 à 2005, et se sont stabilisées à un niveau faible depuis. Le parallélisme entre évolutions du fer et du méthane dissous dans les eaux en sortie de barrage suggère qu’ils proviennent de la réduction des sols noyés. La comparaison de sols témoins prélevés sous forêt en bordure de la retenue et de sols noyés depuis 25 ans montre : - Une baisse de près de 50 % de la teneur en MO des sols noyés par rapport aux sols témoins, ainsi qu’une baisse de l’indice d’hydrogène de la MO, et une augmentation de son δ13C, ce qui suggère une minéralisation rapide de la MO des sols en l’absence d’oxygène et surtout de sa fraction la plus énergétique. - Une forte corrélation entre teneurs en MO et en oxyde de fer dans les sols témoins, qui devient faible dans les sols noyés. En revanche, la faible corrélation entre Fe-oxyde et Fe-amorphe dans les sols témoins devient forte dans les sols noyés, ce qui suggère une transformation de Fe oxyde en Fe amorphe. Les taux de minéralisation de la MO des sols témoins et noyés rapportés à leur teneur en carbone, mesuré en anoxie au laboratoire, diffère peu, ce qui suggère une minéralisation continue et permanente de la MO des sols noyés. En revanche, le taux de production de méthane par les sols noyés est très faible. Les âges 14C de la MO des sols noyés, des bulles de méthane présentes dans ces sols, et du méthane dissous dans l'hypolimnion près du barrage sont proches de l'âge de la retenue. L’ensemble suggère qu’une fraction de MO réactive des sols, liée aux oxy-hydroxydes de fer, libérée par réduction et dissolution du fer lorsque les sols sont noyés, est la source à court et à long terme du méthane et d’une fraction importante des GES émis pas les réservoirs tropicaux.

Ample evidence indicates that warming affects individuals in plant communities, ultimately threatening biodiversity. Individual plants in communities are also exposed to plant-plant interaction that may affect their performance. However, trait responses to these two constraints have usually been studied separately, while they may influence processes at the ecosystem level. In turn, these ecological modifications may impact the phenotypes of plants through nutrient availability and uptake. We developed an experimental approach based on the macrophyte communities in the ponds of the sub-Antarctic Iles Kerguelen. Individuals of the species Limosella australis were grown under different temperature × plant-plant interaction treatments to assess their trait responses and create litters with different characteristics. The litters were then decomposed in the presence of individual plants at different temperatures to examine effects on ecosystem functioning and potential feedback affecting plant trait values. Leaf resource-acquisition- and -conservation-related traits were altered in the context of temperature × plant-plant interaction. At 13 °C, SLA and leaf C:N were higher under interspecific and intraspecific interactions than without interaction, whereas at 23 °C, these traits increased under intraspecific interaction only. These effects only slightly improved the individual performance, suggesting that plant-plant interaction is an additional selective pressure on individuals in the context of climate warming. The decay rate of litter increased with the Leaf Carbon Content at 13 °C and 18 °C, but decreased at 23 °C. The highest decay rate was recorded at 18 °C. Besides, we observed evidence of positive feedback of the decay rate alone, and in interaction with the temperature, respectively on the leaf C:N and Leaf Dry Matter Content, suggesting that variations in ecological processes affect plant phenotypes. Our findings demonstrate that warming can directly and indirectly affect the evolutionary and ecological processes occurring in aquatic ecosystems through plants.

Two cryptic species of mice coexist on Cyprus: the introduced house mouse and the endemic Cypriot mouse, that remained unnoticed until the beginning of the 21 st century. Their trophic position was investigated using isotopic ecology. The shape and biomechanics of the mandible provided a complementary insight into their respective diets. The Cypriot mouse exhibits generalist habits relying on various natural food resources, including invertebrates, while the house mouse exploits a broad spectrum of anthropic food resources. The Cypriot mouse has a large mandible optimized for chewing at the molars that facilitates consumption of large and hard food items presumably abundant in the natural vegetation of Cyprus. The small mandible size of the house mouse is compensated by a large masseter area and an optimization for incisor biting, making it an all-rounder tool for foraging on diverse non-natural items. This fine-tuning of generalist feeding behavior ensures efficient niche partitioning between the two species on Cyprus.

Abstract Transition to novel environments, such as groundwater colonization by surface organisms, provides an excellent research ground to study phenotypic evolution. However, interspecific comparative studies on evolution to groundwater life are few because of the challenge in assembling large ecological and molecular resources for species‐rich taxa comprised of surface and subterranean species. Here, we make available to the scientific community an operational set of working tools and resources for the Asellidae, a family of freshwater isopods containing hundreds of surface and subterranean species. First, we release the World Asellidae database (WAD) and its web application, a sustainable and FAIR solution to producing and sharing data and biological material. WAD provides access to thousands of species occurrences, specimens, DNA extracts and DNA sequences with rich metadata ensuring full scientific traceability. Second, we perform a large‐scale dated phylogenetic reconstruction of Asellidae to support phylogenetic comparative analyses. Of 424 terminal branches, we identify 34 pairs of surface and subterranean species representing independent replicates of the transition from surface water to groundwater. Third, we exemplify the usefulness of WAD for documenting phenotypic shifts associated with colonization of subterranean habitats. We provide the first phylogenetically controlled evidence that body size of males decreases relative to that of females upon groundwater colonization, suggesting competition for rare receptive females selects for smaller, more agile males in groundwater. By making these tools and resources widely accessible, we open up new opportunities for exploring how phenotypic traits evolve in response to changes in selective pressures and trade‐offs during groundwater colonization.

Aim: Quantifying the relative contribution of environmental filtering versus limiting similarity in shaping communities is challenging because these processes often act simultaneously and their effect is scale‐dependent. Focusing on caves, island‐like natural laboratories with limited environmental variability and species diversity, we tested: (i) the relative contribution of environmental filtering and limiting similarity in determining community assembly in caves; (ii) how the relative contribution of these driving forces changes along environmental gradients. Location Europe. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Subterranean spiders. Methods: We used data on distribution and traits for European cave spiders ( n = 475 communities). We estimated the trait space of each community using probabilistic hypervolumes, and obtained estimations of functional richness independent of the species richness of each community via null modelling. We model functional diversity change along environmental gradients using generalized dissimilarity modelling. Results: Sixty‐three percent of subterranean spider communities exhibited a prevalence of trait underdispersion. However, most communities displayed trait dispersion that did not depart significantly from random, suggesting that environmental filtering and limiting similarity were both exerting equally weak or strong, yet opposing influences. Overdispersed communities were primarily concentrated in southern latitudes, particularly in the Dinaric karst, where there is greater subterranean habitat availability. Pairwise comparisons of functional richness across caves revealed these effects to be strongly scale‐dependent, largely varying across gradients of cave development, elevation, precipitation, entrance size and annual temperature range. Conversely, geographical distance weakly affected trait composition, suggesting convergence in traits among communities that are far apart. Main conclusions: Even systems with stringent environmental conditions maintain the potential for trait differentiation, especially in areas of greater habitat availability. Yet, the relative influence of environmental filtering and limiting similarity change with scale, along clear environmental gradients. The interplay of these processes may explain the assembly of species‐poor subterranean communities displaying high functional specialization.

This research employed stable isotope analysis to investigate the migratory patterns and geographic origins of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae) and its associated prey species within the Galite Archipelago of Tunisia. Feathers collected from both juvenile and adult falcons along with their prey were analyzed for deuterium isotopic composition using the IsoriX package in R, which facilitated geographic assignment based on stable isotope ratios. The results demonstrated no significant difference in deuterium values (δ 2 H) between adult and juvenile individuals of Eleonora's falcon, indicating a lack of geographic variation in molting locations among different age groups. However, the isotopic data for adult falcons yielded unexpected results, suggesting origins close to the sampling site, which contradicted the anticipated patterns of migration to distant wintering grounds. Furthermore, this study successfully mapped the origins of various prey species, indicating a broad geographic intake ranging from the Mediterranean to southern Scandinavia. These findings highlight the complexity of migratory behaviors in predatory birds and underscore the efficacy of stable isotope analysis as a tool for ecological research in avian migration studies.

En vingt ans, les courses de sentier n’ont cessé d’attirer de nouveaux adeptes et de s’institutionnaliser. En parallèle, le niveau moyen de performance du peloton a chuté au profit d’une logique de « finisher ». En réaction, de nouveaux formats de courses, prônant un « retour aux origines », ont vu le jour ; parmi elles, la Chartreuse Terminorum. Au-delà du défi physique, cette épreuve renvoie par ses règles à une expérience extraquotidienne. Nombre de coureurs l’assimilent à un casse-tête. À partir d’une étude en immersion et d’un suivi de neuf athlètes, cet article propose d’analyser la course par le jouer (Hamayon, 2012) et la résonance (Rosa, 2018). Nous verrons alors comment la perception de la Chartreuse Terminorum peut varier selon le vécu des pratiquants et comment la quête de résonance peut être liée à différents styles de jeu. Pour ce faire, nous présenterons quatre idéaux types de quêtes de résonance (le performeur, le convivial, le découvreur et le jusqu’au-boutiste), comme le fit Bartle (1997).

Abstract. Bioturbation processes influence particulate (sediment reworking) and dissolved (bioirrigation) fluxes at the sediment–water interface. Recent works showed that benthic foraminifera largely contribute to sediment reworking in intertidal mudflats, yet their role in bioirrigation processes remains unknown. In a laboratory experiment, we showed that foraminifera motion behaviour increased the oxygen penetration depth and decreased the total organic content. Their activity in the top 5 mm of the sediment also affected prokaryotic community structure. Indeed, in bioturbated sediment, bacterial richness was reduced, and sulfate-reducing taxa abundance in deeper layers was also reduced, probably inhibited by the larger oxygen penetration depth. Since foraminifera can modify both particulate and dissolved fluxes, their role as bioturbators can no longer be neglected. They are further able to mediate the prokaryotic community, suggesting that they play a major role in the benthic ecosystem functioning and may be the first described single-celled eukaryotic ecosystem engineers.

The need to mitigate the effects of climate change is accelerating the development of novel technologies such as floating photovoltaics (FPV). Despite FPV being identified as an emerging issue of concern for biodiversity conservation, it is fast spreading globally and our understanding of their potential ecological impacts is limited. We present an overview of the current knowledge and provide an ecological perspective on FPV potential impacts on lake biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. To date, published works have highlighted reductions in light arrival, wind speed and water temperature with increased FPV cover but the subsequent cascading effects on biological and ecological processes remain unknown. We suggest that modifications in light and water temperature can alter individual regulatory processes affecting, primary production and energy transfer within lake food webs. Additionally, FPV can modify the thermal functioning and oxygenation of the water column while providing artificial habitats for organisms. These modifications can affect individual behavior and life-story but also alter the composition of plant and animal communities, trophic interactions and greenhouse gas balances. We suggest that FPV can also modify socioecological activities related to lake use (e.g., angling, leisure) and pressures at the meta-ecosystem level. Overall, we argue that FPV impacts will be highly context-dependent, varying across ranges of environmental conditions and industrial characteristics (e.g., FPV cover and location). Given the ecological and socio-economic implications of FPV, empirical quantifications based on robust designs are urgently needed and we provide here a unique guideline to help developing research programs to monitor these potential impacts.

<div><p>1. Evaluation of large lake response to centennial changes in land use and climate can be complicated by high spatial and hydrological complexity within their catchments, particularly in regions of low relief. Furthermore, large lakes can exhibit abrupt changes in structure and function that obscure causes of eutrophication.</p><p>2. We provide the first quantification of historical trends in lake production, cyanobacterial abundance, sediment geochemistry and diatom composition since c. 1800 in Lake Manitoba, the 29th largest lake in the world, and compared them to Lake Winnipeg, a morphologically similar, adjacent basin with a 10-fold larger catchment and an abrupt increase in production around 1990.</p><p>3. Before 1900, Lake Manitoba was mesotrophic, with low sedimentary concentrations of carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, cyanobacteria and algal pigments, as well as assemblages of low-light-adapted benthic diatoms. Analysis of pigment timeseries with hierarchical generalised additive models revealed that Lake Manitoba eutrophied during 1900-1930 as a consequence of the development of intensive agriculture within its local catchment, but thereafter exhibited stable cyanobacterial densities with limited expansion of N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria despite persistent eutrophication.</p><p>4. Lake Manitoba did not undergo an abrupt change as seen in Lake Winnipeg.</p><p>5. These findings suggest that catchment size had little influence on water quality degradation and that nutrient influx from proximal agricultural sources was sufficient to initially degrade these large prairie lakes. The abrupt change in Lake Winnipeg around 1990 required additional intensification of local land use that did not occur in the Lake Manitoba catchment.</p></div>

Purpose – The aim of this study is to examine the effect of brand attribution on consumer behaviour. The authorsare interested in finding out if consumers are more likely to purchase a new sports product when it is attributed to a brand. The authors are interested in finding out if the brand positively influences the consumer’s appreciation of the product in the case of the launch of a new product. Design/methodology/approach – The authors completed a quantitative survey with 320 people who are familiar with the toning concept, aged between 20 and 45 years old. The questionnaire was conducted face to face in six large cities in France. Findings – Main results show that belief in the effectiveness of the product is positively correlated with purchase intention. However, the attribution of the product to the brand does not guarantee belief in the effectiveness of the product nor does it guarantee purchase intention. Brand credibility has a positive impact on belief in the effectiveness of the product. Furthermore, exposure to advertising allows the product to be attributed to the brand. Yet, it does not have an impact on belief in the product’s effectiveness or purchase intention. Originality/value – Whereas studying consumer behaviour is not new, analysing consumer perceptions of innovative products and how these perceptions relate to the product brand can provide interesting implications both for consumer behaviour research and from a practical perspective for brands. Indeed, this paper shows the importance of exposure to advertising for a product to be attributed to a brand but this is not enough to induce its purchase. It is the credibility of the brand in the product category as well as the belief in the effectiveness of the product that can lead consumers to buy it.

À partir des points de vue des responsables de diplôme, cet article s’intéresse aux processus de sélection à l’entrée en formation à travers notamment les catégories de jugement et d’appréciation mobilisées. L’article étudie aussi le rôle d’intermédiation des responsables de diplôme dans le lien entre formation et emploi. Deux figures principales émergent, le gestionnaire et l’entrepreneur, traduisant la variabilité des manières de s’approprier ce rôle et de s’engager pour favoriser l’insertion professionnelle des diplômés.

Dagli anni 2000, in Francia lʼattività fisico-sportiva è parte integrante del trattamento di numerose malattie croniche. Strasburgo è la prima città francese a sperimentare sin dal 2012 un programma di prescrizione medica di attività fisica finanziato dagli enti locali, denominato Sport-santé sur ordonnance, SSSO (“sport e salute in ricetta”). Tuttavia, la prescrizione da parte di un medico di medicina generale non garantisce né la pratica effettiva, né lʼimpegno durevole dei pazienti in unʼattività fisica salutare regolare. Partendo da un approccio sociologico e da unʼindagine qualitativa presso pazienti che hanno aderito al programma SSSO, lʼarticolo esamina le modalità di ingresso nel programma, le pratiche reali, il senso del loro impegno e del loro disimpegno e/o il proseguimento di una pratica fisica regolare. Pone inoltre in relazione lʼesercizio fisico per la salute e la sua durata con i percorsi sociali e le traiettorie di malattia dei pazienti. Practising a physical activity on medical prescription: a survey of patients with a chronic dis-ease in Strasbourg (France). Since the 2000s, physical activity and sport in France have been an integral part of the treatment of many chronic diseases. Strasbourg was the first French city to experiment in 2012 with a medical prescription programme for physical activity paid for by the local council named “Sport-santé sur ordonnance” (SSSO), i.e. sport-health on prescrip-tion. However, a prescription by a general practitioner does not guarantee either the effective participation in or the lasting commitment of patients to regular physical activity. Based on a sociological approach and a qualitative survey of patients who have joined the SSSO pro-gramme, the article examines how patients enter into the scheme, their actual participation, the extent of patients’ commitment and disengagement and/or their pursuit of regular physical activity. It also cross-references their physical health activities and their duration with the patients’ social and diseases trajectories.

In large river floodplains, the availability of trophic resources to the fish fauna is highly variable as a consequence of seasonal environmental change and habitat diversity. Young-of-the-year fishes (YOY) must find suitable habitats to settle, feed and survive. However, very few in-depth studies are available about the food preferences of the young fishes during their first growing season. Here, we investigated the composition of planktonic assemblages and the YOY diet of three generalist fish species Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus, 1758), Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) from four floodplain sites of the French Upper Rhône River. More specifically, we studied their temporal and spatial variations in relation to five environmental variables: hydrology, dissolved oxygen, primary production, water temperature and conductivity. Stable flow conditions and the associated temperature and conductivity strongly structured the phytoplankton community in the floodplain channels, whereas water movements within channels and dissolved oxygen concen- trations were significantly correlated to the zooplankton composition. A zooplankton density above ≈100 ind L−1 allowed the initiation of a YOY diet mainly based upon zooplankton for the three fish species. When zooplankton densities were insufficient, all three species used phytoplankton as their main food resource. Finally, the diet overlaps between species, differed significantly between sites. The study highlights the need to examine the diet of juvenile fishes and environmental variables in the floodplains.

À moins d’un an de l’ouverture des Jeux olympiques et paralympiques (JOP) de Paris, la communication du Comité d’Organisation et de ses partenaires (médias, entreprises, État…) bat son plein en vue de construire « l’héritage immatériel des jeux ». Émissions télévisées consacrées aux JOP, interviews d’athlètes, consultants et organisateurs, publicités se rejoignent pour mettre en avant le logo de Paris 2024 et délivrer ce message hérité de l’idéologie coubertinienne de la fin du XIXe siècle : les Jeux olympiques et paralympiques constituent l’acmé d’un sport vertueux, porteur de valeurs positives qui irriguent la société tout entière. Le sport serait donc ouvert à la diversité, inclusif, éducatif, fraternel, moral. Cependant, au-delà de l’impact éventuel – et discutable – du spectacle des JOP sur le taux de pratique sportive, la santé physique ou sur le « moral » des Français (en cas de victoire des athlètes français), l’approche de ce méga-événement sportif devrait également être le moment privilégié pour mener une réflexion sur le sens du sport, ses valeurs, ses fonctions et son rôle dans notre société. Le sport est-il éthique en soi ? La compétition sportive a-t-elle des vertus et lesquelles ? Au-delà des effets d’annonce, le sport sera-t-il réellement paritaire en 2024 ? L’héritage évoqué n’est-il pas qu’un exercice de communication et parle-t-il aux citoyens ?

After decades of debate on the origin of turtles, it is now widely accepted that they are diapsid reptiles originating in the Permian from a terrestrial ancestor. It seems that the initial development of the structures that will later form the unique turtle bony shell took place as a response to a fossorial lifestyle. However, the earliest stem turtle with a fully complete plastron, Odontochelys semitestacea from the Late Triassic (lower Carnian) of China, is somewhat controversially interpreted as an aquatic or even a marine form, raising the question of the environment in which the completion of the plastron happened. Here, we analyzed the stable carbon, oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions (δ13C, δ18O and δ34S) of bones from two specimens of Odontochelys along with bones and teeth of two associated specimens of the marine ichthyosaur Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae. We first show that δ18O values of Odontochelys are incompatible with a terrestrial lifestyle and imply a semi-aquatic to aquatic lifestyle. Isotopic results also demonstrate that the aquatic environment of Odontochelys was submitted to a strong marine influence, therefore excluding the possibility of a strict freshwater aquatic environment. Additionally, an unusual carbon isotope composition shows that O. semitestacea was herbivorous, probably consuming macrophytic algae in coastal zones like the extant green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) or the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) do.

Objective: Physical Literacy (PL) is increasingly recognized as a key element in studies aimed at pro- moting Physical Activity (PA), but measurement tools for emerging adults and evidence for assessing and using this concept is lacking in a wide range of contexts. We aimed to validate the French version of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI): a scale for investigating PL in young French adults. Methods: After PL and PA data collection (n 1⁄4 2,248, agemean 1⁄4 19 ± 1.53 yrs), exploratory and confir- matory factor analyses, Cronbach's a and Omega's u and an Intraclass-Correlation analysis were un- dertaken. Spearman's rank correlation and the Boruta algorithm were used to investigate the association between PL and PA. Boruta's algorithm examined deeper external validation by analyzing the strength of an overall PL score in explaining PA, compared with separate dimensions of PL and individual charac- teristics (BMI, sex). Results: Results showed an acceptable level of reliability (ICC 1⁄4 0.91), internal validity (a 1⁄4 0.88; u 1⁄4 0.77), and external validity (Rho^ &gt;0.18, p &lt; 0.01). The Boruta algorithm highlighted that the construct of PL is a significant predictor of PA, although not the strongest one which is social and affective dimension. Conclusion: This study provided data on validity and reliability of the first French assessment tool to measure PL constituted by four intertwined dimensions (physical, cognitive, social, affective). At the same time, it provides new evidence of the association between PL and PA.

Large mammalian herbivores (LMH) shape vertebrate communities and structure food webs in many terrestrial ecosystems. However, the mechanisms that underlie the effects of LMH on other vertebrates are poorly understood. In France, domestic LMH have grazed alpine and mountain grasslands for thousands of years, profoundly influencing landscapes and wildlife. As LMH modify habitat structure, favour coprophagous insects and compete with herbivorous insects, the diet of insectivorous alpine birds may be deeply influenced by LMH grazing intensity. To investigate this, we sampled common insectivorous birds faeces (water pipit Anthus spinoletta and wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe) in sites characterized by different levels of grazing intensity by domestic and wild herbivores, in the open landscapes of the southern French Alps and the western Pyrenees. We used isotopic discrimination based on nitrogen stable isotope ratios as an indicator of the trophic level of the arthropods found in bird faeces. From isotopic ratios, we found that bird diets shift from mainly herbivorous arthropods at sites of low grazing intensity, to one mainly composed of other groups, such as predatory, detritivorous or coprophagous arthropods, at sites of higher grazing intensity. This result highlights the strong trophic link between LMH and insectivorous birds in open landscapes, contributing to a better understanding of interactions between domestic grazing, an activity that has historically modelled European landscapes, and biodiversity, with particular relevance for landscape management and bird conservation.

Located in the French Southern Alps, the Cerveyrette area is a watershed of about 100 km2 including a torrent and a high-altitude swampy plain dominated by a nival regime. The apparent cyclicity of very small magnitude in the δ18O (−14.4 ± 0.6 ‰) of the river waters is interpreted to partly reflect seasonal variations in the isotopic compositions of precipitations, thus having consequences on the interpretation of human and animal remains of archaeological interest. As the Cerveyrette is the potential main source of drinking water for local humans and animals, considerations about the meaning of calculated theoretical δ18O of bioapatite (bone, tooth enamel) highlight that inferred Mean Air Annual Temperatures (MAAT) are highly underestimated, with a calculated MAAT of 1.5 °C instead of the local recorded MAAT of 7 °C. In terms of human or animal mobility, such isotopic data may drive researchers to look for a distant and high-latitude geographic origin instead of a rather close and high-altitude mountainous areas. For example, the area where the famous Ötzi lived, discovered close to the Austrian-Italian border, could have been of lower altitude than previously thought. Consequently, we propose that the interpretation of bioapatite δ18O data must be undertaken with caution in mountainous areas, especially with the consideration of the regional orography and its related hydrographic networks.

Alors que la figure du rugbyman, esthétisée par les effets de la professionnalisation et de la médiatisation, connaît un engouement populaire croissant dans les années 2000, la déferlante médiatique suscitée par Sébastien Chabal est intéressante à double titre. Elle correspond à un point d’orgue de ce phénomène tout en marquant le retour à une image plus traditionnelle du joueur de rugby, historiquement porteur d’un modèle de masculinité hégémonique. Mais après avoir exploité, dans un premier temps, la virilité bestiale de S. Chabal, les annonceurs le transposent rapidement dans des mises en scène plus ambigües, allant jusqu’à le travestir. À partir d’une analyse sémiologique de publicités mobilisant S. Chabal, cet article illustre la manière dont les stratégies de communication des publicitaires ont contribué à la diffusion de représentations nouvelles de la masculinité, en rupture avec les codes culturels dominants. Il apporte en outre un éclairage heuristique sur le rapport dialectique articulant masculinités hybrides et modèle hégémonique. Rugby, Chabal, Masculinités, Publicité, Hybridation.

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities, revealing patterns of niche partitioning, live in a limited area characterised by sharp physico-chemical gradients. In this study, we investigated carbon, sulfur, nitrogen stable isotopes as well as arsenic (As) speciations and concentrations for two snails (Alviniconcha sp. and Ifremeria nautilei) and a crustacean, (Eochionelasmus ohtai manusensis), occupying distinct niches in the hydrothermal vent field of the Vienna Woods, Manus Basin, Western Pacific. δ13C values of Alviniconcha sp. (foot), I. nautilei (foot and chitin) and E. o. manusensis (soft tissue) are similar, from 28 to 33‰ (V-PDB). The δ15N values of Alviniconcha sp. (foot and chitin), I. nautilei (foot and chitin) and E. o. manusensis (soft tissue) range from 8.4 to 10.6‰. The δ34S values of Alviniconcha sp. (foot and chitin), I. nautilei (foot) and E. o. manusensis (soft tissue) range from 5.9 to 11.1‰. Using stable isotopes, for the first time, we inferred a Calvin-Benson (RuBisCo) metabolic pathway for Alviniconcha sp. along with the presence of γ-Proteobacteria symbionts for the Vienna Woods communities. For I. nautilei, a feeding pattern is proposed with γ-Proteobacteria symbiosis and a Calvin–Benson–Bassham diet with mixotrophic feeding. E. ohtai manusensis is filtering bacteria with a CBB feeding strategy, with δ15N values indicating possible higher position in the trophic chain. Arsenic concentrations in the dry tissue of Alviniconcha (foot), I. nautilei (foot) and E. o. manusensis (soft tissue) are high, from 4134 to 8478 μg/g, with inorganic As concentrations of 607, 492 and 104 μg/g, respectively and dimethyl arsenic (DMA) concentrations of 11.12, 0.25 and 11.2 μg/g, respectively. Snails occurring in a vent proximal position have higher As concentration than barnacles, a pattern not observed for S concentrations. Arsenosugars were not put in evidence indicating that the available organic material for the vent organisms are not surface derived.

Despite the impossibility of face-to-face teaching during the covid-19 pandemic lockdown, many physical education teachers used remote activity pedagogical monitoring (PM) to keep students engaged in physical activity (PA). The aim of this study was to explore students' experiences of remote PM practices during lockdown to engage in PA. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used, with a qualitative investigation (students' experience of PM) informed by a quantitative investigation (relationship between PA and PM as a function of diligence). First, 644 French students (16.32 ± 1.01 years) participated in a longitudinal survey to collect retrospective data about their reported PA levels during a typical week before lockdown and four weeks after. A second step consisted of identifying clusters, based on how PA emerged in participants and diligence in PM. Five clusters were identified from which eight paragons accepted to be interviewed. Interviews were conducted with paragons from each cluster to understand their different lived experiences during PM. Results showed a significant decrease in PA during lockdown, with PM serving to limit the drop-out from PA. Positive experiences in PA engagement were associated with: (a) family and video support, (b) variety in the PA program, (c) requests for work, (d) provision of feedback, and (e) use of personalised training. Results are encouraging in terms of developing hybrid pedagogical practice which includes face-to-face activity and use of PM. Further research is needed to ensure these pedagogical principles lead to positive experiences of PA engagement at a distance.

Abstract Implemented for decades as part of the ‘best management practices (BMPs)’ for controlling urban runoff impacts on receiving waters, stormwater management ponds (SMPs) have been increasingly viewed as potential habitats for urban wildlife. However, since SMPs are subject to a lot of environmental constraints, research toward assessing their ecological quality and their actual benefits as habitats for biota is needed. In this study, the sediment toxicity of eight SMPs located in Southern Ontario, Canada was assessed using the sediment quality triad (SQT) approach. Sediment samples were collected for chemical, ecotoxicological and biological analyses. An oligochaete-based index approach (Oligochaete Index of Lake Bioindication and percentage of pollution-sensitive species) was used as the biological endpoint and integrated into a weight-of-evidence approach to assessing the general sediment quality of the ponds. Our results showed that (i) heavy metals in the sediment and (ii) chloride concentrations in the sediment interstitial water caused detrimental effects on the ecological quality of the sediments in the ponds studied. The oligochaete indices applied in this study showed value as biological endpoints to be integrated into the SQT and used for setting up sediment ecological quality goals.

L’activité physique est un déterminant de la santé globale et du bien-être des patients atteints de troubles psychiques.Le récit d’une expérience clinique en centre d’activités physiques et sportives, reconnu maison sport-santé, permet de mettre en exergue les enjeux spécifiques de l’activité physique adaptée en psychiatrie orientée vers le rétablissement et l’insertion sociale.L’ouverture de maisons sport-santé en santé mentale est une avancée inclusive qui participe à l’amélioration des pratiques de soins en psychiatrie.

Stormwater infiltration systems (SIS) are designed to collect and infiltrate urban stormwater runoff into the ground for flood risk mitigation and artificial aquifer recharge. Many studies have demonstrated that infiltration practices can impact groundwater chemistry and microbiology. However, quantitative assessments of the hydrogeological factors responsible of these changes remain scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to quantitatively test whether changes of groundwater chemistry and microbiology induced by SIS were linked to two factors associated with vadose zone properties (vadose zone thickness, water transit time from surface to groundwater) and one factor associated with groundwater recharge rate (assessed by groundwater table elevation during rain events). To evaluate changes in chemistry (NO3−, PO43− and dissolved organic carbon concentrations), groundwater samples were collected in wells located in SIS-impacted and non-SIS-impacted zones during experimental periods of 10 days. During the same periods, clay beads were incubated in the same wells to measure changes of groundwater microbial biofilms (microbial biomass, dehydrogenase and hydrolytic activities) induced by SIS. Results showed that changes in PO43− supplied to groundwater during stormwater infiltration was negatively correlated with vadose zone thickness. A short water transit time from surface to groundwater increased dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the aquifer which, in turn, increased biofilm biomasses in groundwater. The groundwater recharge rate during rain events (assessed by groundwater table elevation) diluted NO3− concentrations in the aquifer but also influenced the changes of biofilm activities induced by SIS. Groundwater recharge rate during rain events probably increased the fluxes of water and dissolved organic carbon in groundwater, stimulating the activity of microbial biofilms. Overall, the present study is the first to quantify conjointly several factors and processes (water transfer, dilution, solute fluxes) that could explain the impact of stormwater infiltration on chemistry and/or microbiology in groundwater.

While microplastic transport, fate, and effects have been a focus of studies globally, the consequences of their presence on ecosystem functioning have not received the same attention. With increasing evidence of the accumulation of microplastics at sediment−water interfaces there is a need to assess their impacts on ecosystem engineers, also known as bioturbators, which have direct and indirect effects on ecosystem health. This study investigated the impact of microplastics on the bioturbator Tubifex tubifex alongside any effects on the biogeochemical processes at the sediment−water interface. Bioturbators were exposed to four sediment microplastic concentrations: 0, 700, 7000, and 70000 particles kg−1 sediment dry weight. Though no mortality was present, a significant response to oxidative stress was detected in tubificid worms after exposure to medium microplastic concentration (7000 particles kg−1 sediment dry weight). This was accompanied by a reduction in worm bioturbation activities assessed by their ability to rework sediment and to stimulate exchange water fluxes at the sediment−water interface. Consequently, the contributions of tubificid worms on organic matter mineralization and nutrient fluxes were significantly reduced in the presence of microplastics. This study demonstrated that environmentally realistic microplastic concentrations had an impact on biogeochemical processes at the sediment−water interface by reducing the bioturbation activities of tubificid worms.

This study investigates the seasonality of the mer- cury (Hg) concentration of olive tree foliage, an iconic tree of the Mediterranean basin. Hg concentrations of foliage, stems, soil surface, and litter were analyzed on a monthly ba- sis in ancient olive trees growing in two groves in Lebanon, Bchaaleh and Kawkaba (1300 and 672 m a.s.l. respectively). A significantly lower concentration was registered in stems ( ∼ 7–9 ng g−1) in comparison to foliage (∼ 35–48 ng g−1) in both sites, with the highest foliage Hg concentration in late winter–early spring and the lowest in summer. It is noteworthy that olive fruits also have low Hg concentra- tions (∼ 7–11 ng g−1). The soil has the highest Hg content (∼ 62–129 ng g−1) likely inherited through the cumulated lit- ter biomass (∼ 63–76 ng g−1). A good covariation observed between our foliage Hg time series analysis and those of at- mospheric Hg concentrations available for southern Italy in the western Mediterranean basin confirms that mercury pol- lution can be studied through olive trees. Spring sampling is recommended if the objective is to assess the trees’ sus- ceptibility to Hg uptake. Our study draws an adequate base- line for the eastern Mediterranean and the region with similar climatic inventories on Hg vegetation uptake, in addition to being a baseline to new studies on olive trees in the Mediter- ranean to reconstruct regional Hg pollution concentrations in the past and present.

Understanding microplastic particles (MPs) accumulation and transport along rivers represents a major task due to the complexity and heterogeneity of rivers, and their interactions with their wider corridor. The identification of MPs hotspots and their potential sources is especially challenging in coarse-bed rivers transporting a wide range of particle sizes with a high degree of variability in time and space. This research focuses on the gravel-bed Ain River (Rhoˆne River tributary, France) which is managed by means of various dams and also hosts one of the major plastic production centres in Europe (Oyonnax and Bienne Plastic Valleys). In this research, (i) Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were used to locate plastic factories and to characterise the land use of the Ain River watershed. (ii) On the field, sediment samples were extracted from the hyporheic zone (HZ) of mobile gravel bar heads, while hydro-sedimentary settings were measured in order to describe site conditions. Sampling sites were especially established in downwelling areas (i.e. where the surface water entered the hyporheic zone), upstream and downstream of dams and plastic factories. (iii) After density separation and organic matter digestion of sediment, MPs were characterised with a μFTIR device followed by data processing via the siMPle software. This work highlighted the trapping efficiency of alluvial bars for MPs. The highest MPs concentrations were found along the Plastic Valleys (up to 4400 MPs/kg), while the lower river was less contaminated by MPs. After grain-size correction, a significant breakpoint was identified in the area of the main dams, revealing their major influence on MPs distribution. The variability in MPs concentrations and types suggested a local origin for most of MPs. A particular feature was the dominance of polypropylene (PP) which appears as a critical industrial heritage as the studied region is specialised in the manufacturing of hard plastics. Indeed, multivariate analyses also revealed that MPs concentrations and types were mostly driven by the vicinity of plastic factories and urban areas. This relationship between the land use, the presence of dams and MPs characteristics provides key results for the MPs assessment and the improvement of management issues along coarse-bed rivers.

Face aux crises que traversent certaines fédérations sportives en France et en Europe, faut-il en changer la gouvernance ou les dirigeants ?

Worldwide, freshwater systems are subjected to increasing temperatures and nutrient changes. Under phosphorus and nitrogen enrichment consumer communities are often thought to shift towards fast-growing and P-rich taxa, supporting the well-known link between growth rate and body stoichiometry. While these traits are also favoured under warming, the temperature effect on stoichiometry is less clear. As recently shown, there is a general link between functional traits and body stoichiometry, which makes the integration of stoichiometric traits a promising tool to help understanding the mechanisms behind taxonomic and functional community responses to nutrient changes and/or warming. Yet, such approaches have been scarcely developed at community level and on a long-term perspective. In this study, we investigated long-term responses in stoichiometry and functional trait composition of macroinvertebrate communities to nutrient changes (decreasing water P; increasing water N:P) and warming over a 34-year period in the Middle Loire River (France), testing the potentially opposing responses to these drivers. Both drivers should cause shifts in species composition, which will alter the overall community stoichiometry and functional composition following assumptions from ecological stoichiometry theory. We found that the macroinvertebrate community shifted towards P-poor taxa, causing significant trends in overall community stoichiometry which indicates long-term changes in the nutrient pool provided by these consumers (i.e. decrease in %N and %P, increase in N:P). Further, while the former high-P conditions favoured traits associated to detritus feeding and fast development (i.e. small maximum body size, short life duration), recent conditions favoured predators and slow-developing taxa. These results suggest nutrients to be a more important driver than temperature over this period. By providing a pivotal link between environmental changes and functional trait composition of communities, approaches based on stoichiometric traits offer sound perspectives to investigate ecological relationships between multiple drivers operating at various scales and ecosystem functioning

In the sub-Antarctic region, climate change is particularly rapid, while their freshwater ecosystems, such as ponds, host plant species with limited spatial distributions. These particular systems and their plant communities remain however poorly known and the context of their changing habitat calls for deeper insights into these systems. We performed an extensive survey of 45 ponds over three locations of the Iles Kerguelen during the winter and summer seasons of two years, which included the measurement of 12 abiotic parameters and the assessment of the plant community composition. Overall, our results showed that Iles Kerguelen ponds are shallow freshwater ecosystems harbouring species-poor plant communities with high even- ness, of which structure did not vary among the sampled locations. Three different habitats were identified among ponds in relation with nutrient supply by marine animals, which ultimately influenced plant community structure and cover. We highlight that these habitats are mostly determined by water depth, nutrients, and temperature (mean and variance). Present plant community composition was more strongly correlated with plant community composition in the previous year than with abiotic conditions. Overall, this study provides new knowledge on the aquatic plant communities and the functioning of Iles Kerguelen freshwater ecosystems, which can serve as a basis for future studies dealing with the impact of climate change in the sub-Antarctic region.

This study aimed to describe for the first time the vertical motion behaviour of the intertidal foraminifera Haynesina germanica and its contribution to bioturbation. Its infaunal behaviour leads to the creation of a one-end tube within the first centimetre of sediment. In addition, a vertical trail following behaviour was described for the first time in foraminifera, which may be linked to the sustainability of the biogenic sedimentary structures. As a consequence, H. germanica produces a vertical transport of both mud and fine sediment fractions similarly to the sediment reworking mode reported for gallery-diffusor benthic species. This finding allows us to refine the bioturbating mode of H. germanica , previously classified as surficial biodiffusor. Furthermore, sediment reworking intensity appeared to be dependent on the foraminiferal density. H. germanica would adapt its motion behaviour to deal with the intra-specific competition for food and space that may occur when density increases. Consequently, this behavioural modification would affect both the species and the individual contribution to sediment reworking processes. In fine , sediment reworking in H. germanica may further contribute to the bioirrigation of intertidal sediments, which has implications for oxygen availability in sediments and on aerobic microbial processes involved in carbon and nutrient cycling at the sediment–water interface.

Knowledge about groundwater origins and their interactions with surface water is fundamental to assess their vulner- ability. In this context, hydrochemical and isotopic tracers are useful tools to investigate water origins and mixing. More recent studies examined the relevance of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) as co-tracers to distinguish sources contributing to groundwater bodies. However, these studies focused on known and targeted CECs a priori se- lected regarding their origin and/or concentrations. This study aimed to improve these multi-tracer approaches using passive sampling and qualitative suspect screening by exploring a larger variety of historical and emerging concern contaminants in combination with hydrochemistry and water molecule isotopes. With this objective, an in-situ study was conducted in a drinking water catchment area located in an alluvial aquifer recharged by several water sources (both surface and groundwater sources). CECs determined by passive sampling and suspect screening allowed to provide in-depth chemical fingerprints of groundwater bodies by enabling the investigation of >2500 compounds with an increased analytical sensitivity. Obtained cocktails of CECs were discriminating enough to be used as chemical tracer in combination with hydrochemical and isotopic tracers. In addition, the occurrence and type of CECs contrib- uted to a better understanding of groundwater-surface water interactions and highlighted short-time hydrological pro- cesses. Furthermore, the use of passive sampling with suspect screening analysis of CECs lead to a more realistic assessment and mapping of groundwater vulnerability.

Understanding of the mechanisms underlying species coexistence within plant communities is crucial to predict their fate given the current context of biodiversity loss. Freshwater ecosystems are among the most abiotically constrained habitats because they harbour clonal macrophyte communities. Strong habitat filtering in these ecosystems influences the functional composition and diversity of macrophyte communities, determining the outcome of interactions between neighbours and ultimately affecting local spatial arrangement between neighbours (LSA). This influence may be modulated by environmental conditions in abiotically constrained habitats, such as freshwater ecosystems. We focused on macrophyte communities living in ponds in the Iles Kerguelen, in the sub-Antarctic. These freshwater ecosystems are especially abiotically constrained (cold climate), and their plant communities are remarkably species-poor, simplifying the study of interactions between neighbours. We measured several abiotic variables in the ponds, species LSA and interspecific interactions (using the log response ratio metric), and the functional composition of the community using aerial, root and clonal traits. We also determined the biomass of the whole macrophyte community. Our results showed that LSA does not effectively assess interactions between neighbours at very small scales, neither at the community (one species vs. all neighbouring species) nor the species level (between pairs of species). Secondly, aerial (leaf and stem) and root traits related to resource acquisition played a more important role in interactions between neighbours than clonal traits (i.e. internode length and specific internode mass related to space acquisition and resource storage, respectively). Depending on the target species, (1) interactions responded positively or negatively to mean trait and functional diversity of the community; and (2) different traits of neighbours (aerial or root traits) triggered an interaction response. Lastly, abiotic variables, in particular water temperature and light intensity, influenced macrophyte community biomass and plant community structure (i.e. species richness, functional diversity and LSA), either directly or through the modulation of other abiotic variables. Our results lead to the following conclusions: (1) interactions between neighbours do not reflect their local spatial arrangements but are strongly associated with abiotic variables and neighbourhood functional traits (depending on species); (2) joint integration of biotic and abiotic variables in multivariate analyses enables better inference of biodiversity responses to environment, and the subsequent consequences for ecosystem function, especially in the context of climate change.

1. Bioturbating invertebrates play key roles in nutrient recycling from sediments to the water column in most lentic ecosystems. Nevertheless, the role of bioturbating fauna on nutrient cycling depends on complex interactions between their bioturbation modes and both the sedimentary conditions and the microbial activity occurring inside sediments. 2. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different bioturbation modes by two invertebrate species (tubificid worm Tubifex tubifex and chironomid larvae of Chironomus plumosus), on the release of nutrients (NH4+, NO3−, and PO43−) from three different types of sediments characterised by distinct microbial activities and nutrient (N and P) contents. We expected that the influence of a bioturba- tion mode on nutrient fluxes was dependent on the microbial activity and or- ganic matter processes occurring in sediments. 3. Aquatic mesocosms were setup in the laboratory with three fauna treatments (i.e. without fauna, with tubificid worms, and with chironomid larvae) and three sediment types (collected in three reservoirs). 4. The presence of bioturbating invertebrates increased PO43− concentrations into the water column (from 1.3- to 17-fold higher concentrations) depending on the sediments tested. PO43− releases in the water column were positively linked to total P concentration and microbial activity in sediments. The influences of tubificid worms and chironomid larvae on PO43− releases into the water were not only due to their bioturbation modes but also depended on the interactions with P dynamics (e.g. adsorption of PO43− by iron oxides) at the water–sediment interface. 5. The influence of fauna on the release of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) varied strongly among sediments due to the control of N cycling by microbial processes. In sediments characterised by the lowest microbial activity, DIN release from sediments to the water column was significantly stimulated by invertebrates (from 1.3- to 3.7-fold higher). In contrast, no fauna effect was de- tected compared to controls in sediments characterised by the highest microbial activity. 6. This study demonstrated that the influence of the bioturbation mode on nutri- ent (i.e. PO43− and DIN) dynamics at the water sediment interface was largely modulated by the intensity of microbial activity and biogeochemical processes occurring in sediments.

Anthropization of Palaeolithic caves open for tourism may favour collembola invasion and result in the formation of black stains attributed to pigmented fungi. However, ecological processes underpinning black stain formation are not fully understood. Here, we tested the hypotheses that black stains from the Apse room of Lascaux Cave display a specific microbiota enriched in pigmented fungi, and that collembola thriving on the stains have the potential to consume and disseminate these black fungi. Metabarcoding showed that the microbiota of black stains and neighbouring unstained parts strongly differed, with in black stains a higher prevalence of Ochroconis and other pigmented fungi and the strong regression of Pseudomonas bacteria (whose isolates inhibited in vitro the growth of pigmented fungi). Isotopic analyses indicated that Folsomia candida collembola thriving on stains could feed on black stain in situ and assimilate the pigmented fungi they were fed with in vitro. They could carry these fungi and disseminate them when tested with complex black stains from Lascaux. This shows that black stain formation is linked to the development of pigmented fungi, which coin- cides with the elimination of antagonistic pseudomonads, and points towards a key role of F. candida collembola in the dynamics of pigmented fungi.

Rationale Understanding the interactions between marine mammals and their environment is critical for ecological and conservation purposes. Odontocetes offer a continuous record of their life history from birth as recorded in annual increments of their tooth dentine. Because dentine is not remodeled and contains collagen, nitrogen stable isotope compositions (δ 15 N) reflect nursing and weaning events, life history traits that would otherwise be impossible to retrieve in such elusive marine animals. Yet, capturing the magnitude and temporal changes in these events is constrained by tooth size and sampling resolution. Moreover, historical and fossil specimens undergo collagen decay, hence the need to develop the measurements of other proxies. Methods Here, we present a multiproxy approach to investigate the use of Ca isotope compositions (δ 44/42 Ca) in relation to δ 15 N and laser ablation profiles for different trace metal (Ba, Mg, Sr, Zn) concentrations across the dentine of a single individual of the common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus . Results To help interpret the dentine data, we provide milk elemental compositions and δ 44/42 Ca values for two odontocete individuals. We discuss the observed changes in δ 44/42 Ca across the dentine as potential markers of birth, weaning interval, incidental ingestion of seawater, trophic level and physiology. Incidental ingestion of seawater during nursing induces a positive offset in δ 44/42 Ca values recorded in the early formed dentine. Conclusions Life history parameters of individual marine mammals are extremely difficult to retrieve due to limitations in observing specimens in the wild and the methodology presented here offers new ecological and paleoecological perspectives.

Dinosaur eggshell fragments attributed to the oofamilies Spheroolithidae and Prismatoolithidae and recovered from the latest Cretaceous Kakanaut Formation of North-eastern Russia (Chukotka) constitute one of the northernmost records of dinosaur reproductive behaviors. The high palaeolatitude of the locality (~75° N), as well as the cool near-polar climate, where summer temperatures only averaged 20 °C during the warmest month, dark near-freezing winters and egg incubation that could have lasted several months, raise questions about dinosaur reproductive strategies, particularly in terms of the timing of egg laying. In order to investigate seasonal aspects of Kakanaut dinosaur reproductions, carbonate from eggshell fragments have been analyzed for their oxygen and carbon isotope compositions, along with the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of apatite phosphate and structural carbonate of associated theropod, hadrosaur and ankylosaur teeth as well as lepisosteid fish scales. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of eggshells from the Kakanaut Formation together with those of associated adult dinosaur teeth and fish scales reveal differences in mineralization timing between eggshells and teeth and show that eggs were laid at the very beginning of spring when snowmelt drained from nearby highlands. We propose that Kakanaut dinosaurs laid their eggs at the very beginning of spring in order to accommodate an incubation period that lasted several months. This timing would also benefit from mild temperatures and increasing food availability when the eggs hatch, allowing the hatchlings to grow large enough to survive the next winter or perhaps follow adult animals in their migration southwards.

The Beaufort Group of the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa provides an uninterrupted record of fluvio-lacustrine sedimentation from the Middle Permian to the Middle Triassic and covers an area of approximately 200,000 km<SUP>2</SUP>, about 20% of the country's surface area. A diverse range of vertebrate taxa including fish, therapsids, amphibians, archosauromorphs and parareptiles, has been recovered from this rock succession and provides an ideal sampleset to investigate temporal and geographical variations of local hydrology using stable isotopes. Questions relating to temporal and biological variations in oxygen stable isotope ratios of apatite phosphate (δ<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUB>p</SUB>) in Beaufort tetrapod taxa have previously been addressed, but geographic variation of bioapatite-recorded δ<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUB>p</SUB> across the Permo-Triassic of South Africa has not yet been studied. Here we highlight variations in δ<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUB>p</SUB> recorded over a large geographic spread in the Karoo basin for four Permo-Triassic vertebrate assemblage zones (AZ). Tetrapods, mainly therapsids, were sampled from two Permian (Cistecephalus AZ and Daptocephalus AZ) and two Triassic biozones (Lystrosaurus declivis AZ and Cynognathus AZ). For each of these biozones, fossils were sampled from several localities and their δ<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUB>p</SUB> values compared. Results from the Permian data showed no isotopic difference in apatite from localities divided by longitude 24°. Isotopic differences seem to appear further east in the Basin. Most of the Permian localities (restricted to the south-western part of the Basin) were under the influence of a water system originating from the southern mountainous source terrain. Oxygen isotope compositions of vertebrates from the Lystrosaurus declivis AZ show a significant latitudinal gradient interpreted as an evaporation effect from a southern source in the mountains running toward the north. The Basin during the Cynognathus AZ was under a similar pattern with an evaporation effect highlighted with lower δ<SUP>18</SUP>O values in the south and higher in the north.

Problem Statement. The lockdown against coronavirus 2019 pandemic has led to a decrease in physical activity (PA), but any study has analyzed PA’ evolution during this transition following the social-ecological theoretical framework of human development. It suggests that PA engagement depends on the interaction of individual, interpersonal and environmental determinants. This model is essential to better understand PA engagement and to prevent future crises. Purpose. This study investigated the evolution of adolescents’ PA with their protective and inhibitory barriers according to ecological model of PA engagement. Methods. A longitudinal follow-up of 808 French adolescents between before and during lockdown were questioned from PA and socio-demographic data. Wilcoxson signed rank test and Boruta forest algorithm were used to quantify the evolution of each PA intensity and to identify protective and inhibitory socio-ecological’s determinants on PA behaviour. Results. Our results showed a significant decrease in the overall PA (-231 Mets.min.week-1, p&lt;.05). More specifically, low PA decreased significantly (-480 Mets.min.week-1, p&lt;.05), while moderate and vigorous PA has remained significantly stable during the lockdown (+0 Mets.min.week-1, p&lt;.05). The three determinants of the socio- ecological framework are included in the model of evolution of each PA’ intensity. Individual (PA initial profile, 58.8 median importance score) and environmental (garden: 10.42; housing: 7.93 median importance score) determinants are the two most important. Interpersonal determinants have not a significantly importance to explain PA’ evolution. Conclusions. This study highlighted the complex and non-linear process of PA engagement at a critical period where the determinants are being disrupted. Socio-ecological tools are identified to rethink prevention strategies adapted to future crisis periods. Future interventions to promote PA should not target one determinant of the system but should consider the interactions of all socio-ecological variables.

Sebecids constitute a family of notosuchian crocodylomorphs of probable terrestrial habits. They are notable for having survived the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and are known until the Miocene in South America. However, ecological traits that favoured their resilience in continental ecosystems remain unknown. Here, using a multi-isotopic approach, we infer several palaeoecological traits of a sebecid from the locality of Tiupampa (Bolivia), which contains a diverse vertebrate fauna of the Early Paleocene. After having constrained the effects of diagenesis, the study of the oxygen isotope compositions of apatite phosphate allows the identification of water resources for the various studied taxa and to infer an ectothermic thermoregulation strategy for the sebecids. A terrestrial lifestyle is also supported by different oxygen isotope compositions observed between sebecids and aquatic dyrosaurid crocodylomorphs. The radiogenic strontium isotope compositions confirm the continental affinities of this fauna, with no marine input in the palaeoenvironment frequented by the different faunal elements. The calcium and carbon isotope compositions show that the sebecids from Tiupampa were at the top of a C3-based food web. Finally, a local dry environment with tropical temperatures for those specimens is inferred both from oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of their hard tissues.

Cette revue exploratoire de littérature vise à répondre à trois champs de questionnements afin d’aboutir à une compréhension approfondie de l’objet « jeu libre en nature », compréhension encore aujourd’hui fragmentée par la nature pluridimensionnelle de cet objet de recherche et des représentations liées à ses composants « jeu », « liberté », et « nature ». On s’interrogera donc sur ces trois dimensions : quelles sont les définitions du jeu libre en nature proposées par les auteurs des articles revus ? Quelles typologies de jeu libre en nature peut-on induire des données de terrain décrites par les auteurs ? Comment les composantes des environnements extérieurs, telles que décrites par les auteurs, influencent-elles le jeu libre en nature des enfants ? Les réponses apportées par cette revue de littérature feront apparaître une interdépendance fondamentale entre les trois composantes de l’objet (jeu, liberté et nature) et l’interférence de variables-clés telles que les éléments constitutifs de l’environnement de jeu.

Forecasting long‐term consequences of global warming requires knowledge on thermal mortality and how heat stress interacts with other environmental stressors on different timescales. Here, we describe a flexible analytical framework to forecast mortality risks by combining laboratory measurements on tolerance and field temperature records. Our framework incorporates physiological acclimation effects, temporal scale differences and the ecological reality of fluctuations in temperature, and other factors such as oxygen. As a proof of concept, we investigated the heat tolerance of amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Echinogammarus trichiatus in the river Waal, the Netherlands. These organisms were acclimated to different temperatures and oxygen levels. By integrating experimental data with high‐resolution field data, we derived the daily heat mortality probabilities for each species under different oxygen levels, considering current temperatures as well as 1 and 2°C warming scenarios. By expressing heat stress as a mortality probability rather than a upper critical temperature, these can be used to calculate cumulative annual mortality, allowing the scaling up from individuals to populations. Our findings indicate a substantial increase in annual mortality over the coming decades, driven by projected increases in summer temperatures. Thermal acclimation and adequate oxygenation improved heat tolerance and their effects were magnified on longer timescales. Consequently, acclimation effects appear to be more effective than previously recognized and crucial for persistence under current temperatures. However, even in the best‐case scenario, mortality of D. villosus is expected to approach 100% by 2100, while E. trichiatus appears to be less vulnerable with mortality increasing to 60%. Similarly, mortality risks vary spatially: In southern, warmer rivers, riverine animals will need to shift from the main channel toward the cooler head waters to avoid thermal mortality. Overall, this framework generates high‐resolution forecasts on how rising temperatures, in combination with other environmental stressors such as hypoxia, impact ecological communities.

Aim: Invasive alien species are a growing problem worldwide due to their ecological, economic and human health impacts. The "killer shrimp" Dikerogammarus villosus is a notorious invasive alien amphipod from the Ponto-Caspian region that has invaded many fresh and brackish waters across Europe. Understandings of large-scale population dynamics of highly impactful invaders such as D. villosus are lacking, inhibiting predictions of impact and efficient timing of management strategies. Hence, our aim was to assess trends and dynamics of D. villosus as well as its impacts in freshwater rivers and streams. Location: Europe. Methods: We analysed 96 European time series between 1994 and 2019 and identified trends in the relative abundance (i.e. dominance %) of D. villosus in invaded time series, as well as a set of site-specific characteristics to identify drivers and determinants of population changes and invasion dynamics using meta-regression modelling. We also looked at the spread over space and time to estimate the invasion speed (km/year) of D. villosus in Europe. We investigated the impact of D. villosus abundance on recipient community metrics (i.e. abundance, taxa richness, temporal turnover, Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness) using generalized linear models. Results: Population trends varied across the time series. Nevertheless, community dominance of D. villosus increased over time across all time series. The frequency of occurrences (used as a proxy for invader spread) was well described by a Pareto distribution, whereby we estimated a lag phase (i.e. the time between introduction and spatial expansion) of approximately 28 years, followed by a gradual increase before new occurrences declined rapidly in the long term. D. villosus population change was associated with decreased taxa richness, community turnover and Shannon diversity. Main Conclusion: Our results show that D. villosus is well-established in European waters and its abundance significantly alters ecological communities. However, the multidecadal lag phase prior to observed spatial expansion suggests that initial introductions by D. villosus are cryptic, thus signalling the need for more effective early detection methods.

Depuis 20 ans, de nouvelles épreuves de course pédestre ont vu le jour, à partir des pays occidentaux (Bridel, W., Markula, P., &amp; Denison, J. (Éds.). (2016). Endurance running: A socio-cultural examination . London, New York: Routledge). Ces dernières ont pour point commun de vouloir insuffler un caractère festif au sein du monde de l’endurance, sans se départir des notions d’« extrême » ou de « convivialité » (Bessy, O. (2002). Le grand raid de La Réunion : À chacun son extrême et un emblème pour tous . Saint-André : Océan Édition). Depuis 2019, nous nous sommes intéressés à un format d’épreuves poussant les athlètes à courir le plus longtemps possible sur une boucle de 7 km, en moins d’une heure, sous peine d’élimination. Ces épreuves sont nommées « Backyard » ou « Dernier homme debout ». À partir d’un travail d’observation et de questionnaires en ligne, nous avons essayé de comprendre les motifs d’inscription et de pratique des athlètes y participant ( n = 389). Nous avons comparé ces résultats à ceux d’athlètes de courses plus « classiques », afin d’en relever les éventuelles spécificités ( n = 1407). Nous avons alors noté des caractéristiques sociales et sportives différentes au sein des deux groupes.

La Formation de Waziers est constituée d’un dépôt alluvial limoneux surmonté de tuf calcaire et de tourbe. Elle est conservée dans un petit paléo-chenal de la rivière Scarpe-Scarbus, reconnu sur plusieurs centaines de mètres de long à l’entrée de la plaine de la Scarpe et daté de la fin du Saalien (SIM 6) et de l’Eemien (SIM 5e). La Formation de Waziers a été préservée à la faveur d’une défluviation ultérieure à son dépôt puis de son scellement par des dépôts fluvio-éoliens de la fin du Pléniglaciaire weichselien (SIM 2). La synthèse de l’ensemble des données et études (lithologie, paléontologie, géochronologie, reconstitution des paléotem- pératures) fournit une image cohérente de l’évolution de la zone depuis la fin du Saalien vers 130 000 ans environ jusqu’à la fin du Pléniglaciaire weichselien. À la base, les alluvions sablo-graveleuses (témoignant d’écoulements dynamiques) puis limoneuses (Membre 1) se déposent dans le fond de vallée à la fin du glaciaire saalien dans un contexte d’amorce de reconquête forestière. Un plan d’eau se développe ensuite, permettant le dépôt d’une craie lacustre dans un marais à Characées puis d’une tourbière (Membre 2, env. 1,5 m d’épaisseur) dans un contexte forestier. Un cours d’eau chenalisé circule encore dans la tourbière, au moins par intermittence, érodant et déposant localement des alluvions limoneuses. La partie inférieure du Membre 2 enregistre la transition du glaciaire Saalien (fin SIM 6) à l’Interglaciaire eemien (début SIM 5e) dans un contexte de sédimentation continue de plus en plus organique. La partie supérieure du Membre 2 enregistre l’optimum climatique eemien dans un faciès de tourbe typique, puis l’amorce d’une dégradation climatique. Au toit du Membre 2 (et celui de la Formation) est observée la limite d’une érosion majeure qui n’a pas permis l’enregistrement de la fin de l’Interglaciaire eemien. À la base du Membre 3 (env. 3 m d’épaisseur), des écoule- ments concentrés dans des ravines profondes sur sol gelé démantèlent et remanient les dépôts sous-jacents. Ensuite, des écoulements (attribués au Pléniglaciaire weichselien) déposent une nappe de graviers de craie sur l’ensemble du site dans une bande active plus large (probable tressage). La majeure partie du Membre 3 est constituée de dépôts limono-sableux fluvio-éoliens et d’un mince dépôt loessique terminal. La qualité de l’enregistrement sédimentaire de la formation de Waziers, avec notamment un dépôt continu au moment de la transition climatique du Saalien à l’Eemien, et l’abondance des éléments paléontologiques (bois et macrorestes végétaux, macro et méso-faune, microfaune, avifaune, malacofaune…) dans les dépôts eemiens font de celle-ci un témoin exceptionnel pour les recons- titutions paléoenvironnementales et paléoclimatiques de cette période. La présence de niveaux témoignant d’occupations humaines récurrentes dans les Membres 1 et 2 (éclats isolés, amas de débitage, traces d’actions anthropiques sur faune) font de ce site et de cette séquence une référence pour la compréhension des dynamiques de peuplement humain entre le SIM 6 (Saalien) et le SIM 5e (Eemien) dans le Nord de la France et plus largement dans le Nord-Ouest de l’Europe.

The palaeoecology of the Xenacanthiformes (Chondrichthyes) is still a matter of discussion. Historically considered as freshwater organisms, hypotheses of euryhaline ecology including migratory behaviour were recently proposed based on the histology of their dorsal spines. However, recent studies still argued for a full freshwater ecology based on the geochemical compositions of their teeth. Their ecology is particularly interesting to investigate for those coming from the environmentally ambiguous Early Permian intra-mountainous localities of Buxi`eres-les-Mines (Bourbon-l'Archambault Basin, Allier) and the Muse oil-shale bed (OSB) (Autun Basin, Saoˆne-et-Loire) from the French Massif central. These two localities were interpreted as freshwater settings but doubts on marine influences exist. To assess their palaeoenvironment and the palaeoecology settings based on xenacanthiforms occurrences, we have analysed the stable isotope compositions (δ18O, δ13C and δ34S) of the bioapatite of their vertebrate faunas. From these stable isotope compositions, we interpret that Buxi`eres-les- Mines was a large and deep freshwater lake, equivalent to the modern Indonesian Lake Matano, whereas the Muse OSB is interpreted as a shallow tropical lake with drying events, equivalent to the Lake Punta Laguna in Amazonia or the Lake Tanganyika in Africa. The oxygen isotope compositions of the xenacanth dorsal spines of Buxi`eres-les-Mines are relatively constant from the apex to the base. Such uniform isotopic compositions recorded during the life of xenacanths support either their sedentary lifestyle or stenohalinity. The apparent ability of small xenacanthiforms to endure drying up, as shown by the variations in isotope composition of the Muse OSB specimens, could explain their resilience during the Early Permian whereas Carboniferous xenacan- thiforms occurring in large lake and river systems almost disappeared.

La scelta della FIFA di assegnare l’organizzazione della Coppa del Mondo di calcio al Qatar suscita critiche e controversie a livelli mai visti prima d’ora. Tuttavia, questo campionato continua a focalizzare l’attenzione di oltre 3,5 miliardi di appassionati, cioè più della metà della popolazione mondiale. Questa manifestazione sportiva riflette una realtà duplice e antitetica: da un lato, il confronto pacifico delle nazioni qualificate in un mega spettacolo; dall’altro, la dura realtà delle condizioni di lavoro dei migranti impegnati nei cantieri di costruzione degli stadi e la precarietà dei loro diritti, nonché l’impronta di carbonio della manifestazione (climatizzazione integrale degli stadi, spostamenti in aereo dei tifosi). A partire dagli anni Ottanta, il calcio, che è ben più di un mega spettacolo alimentato dal «business del calcio» e dai media, ha investito tutti gli ambiti della società, compresi i circoli intellettuali e accademici. Lo sport è così divenuto non solo uno specchio, ma anche un laboratorio delle nostre società

Motivation Aquatic insects comprise 64% of freshwater animal diversity and are widely used as bioindicators to assess water quality impairment and freshwater ecosystem health, as well as to test ecological hypotheses. Despite their importance, a comprehensive, global database of aquatic insect occurrences for mapping freshwater biodiversity in macroecological studies and applied freshwater research is missing. We aim to fill this gap and present the Global EPTO Database , which includes worldwide geo‐referenced aquatic insect occurrence records for four major taxa groups: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Odonata (EPTO). Main type of variables contained A total of 8,368,467 occurrence records globally, of which 8,319,689 (99%) are publicly available. The records are attributed to the corresponding drainage basin and sub‐catchment based on the Hydrography90m dataset and are accompanied by the elevation value, the freshwater ecoregion and the protection status of their location. Spatial location and grain The database covers the global extent, with 86% of the observation records having coordinates with at least four decimal digits (11.1 m precision at the equator) in the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) coordinate reference system. Time period and grain Sampling years span from 1951 to 2021. Ninety‐nine percent of the records have information on the year of the observation, 95% on the year and month, while 94% have a complete date. In the case of seven sub‐datasets, exact dates can be retrieved upon communication with the data contributors. Major taxa and level of measurement Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Odonata, standardized at the genus taxonomic level. We provide species names for 7,727,980 (93%) records without further taxonomic verification. Software format The entire tab‐separated value (.csv) database can be downloaded and visualized at https://glowabio.org/project/epto_database/ . Fifty individual datasets are also available at https://fred.igb‐berlin.de , while six datasets have restricted access. For the latter, we share metadata and the contact details of the authors.

The secondary adaptation of Cetacea to a fully marine lifestyle raises the question of their ability to maintain their water balance in a hyperosmotic environment. Cetacea have access to four potential sources of water: surrounding salt oceanic water, dietary free water, metabolic water and inhaled water vapor to a lesser degree. Here, we measured the 18O/16O oxygen isotope ratio of blood plasma from thirteen specimens belonging to two species of Cetacea raised under human care (four killer whales Orcinus orca, nine common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus) to investigate and quantify the contribution of preformed water (dietary free water, surrounding salt oceanic water) and metabolic water to Cetacea body water using a box-modelling approach. The oxygen isotope composition of Cetacea blood plasmas indicates that dietary free water and metabolic water contribute to more than 90% of the total water inputs in weight for cetaceans, with the remaining 10% consisting of inhaled water vapor and surrounding water accidentally ingested or absorbed through the skin. Moreover, the contribution of metabolic water appears to be more important in organisms with a more lipid-rich diet. Beyond these physiological and conservation biology implications, this study opens up questions that need to be addressed, such as the applicability of the oxygen isotope composition of cetacean body fluids and skeletal elements as an environmental proxy of the oxygen isotope composition of present and past marine waters.

La question des liens entre sport et santé a évolué pour répondre aux préoccupations sanitaires et sociétales. En France, depuis les années 2000, la montée de l’obésité et de la sédentarité a conduit à des politiques publiques favorisant l'activité physique. Des initiatives comme les « Maisons Sport-Santé » et des dispositifs incitatifs, y compris la prescription médicale d’activité physique, ont émergé. Cette dynamique a diversifié les offres de pratiques physiques, renforcée par les Jeux Olympiques de 2024 et la Stratégie Nationale Sport Santé (2019-2024). Le secteur du sport-santé se complexifie, soulevant des enjeux économiques et managériaux, et représente un terrain d’étude riche pour comprendre les transformations en cours. Les articles de ce numéro de la Revue Management & Avenir Santé explorent ces enjeux et les défis de développement du sport-santé.

La dernière période interglaciaire (Last Interglacial, LIG, ou Stade Isotopique Marin 5.5, SIM 5.5), comprise entre ≈129 et ≈116 milliers d'années avant aujourd'hui (ci-dessous ka), est peu documentée, en particulier en domaine continental en raison de la rareté des dépôts attribuables à cette période qui correspond à l'Eemien dans la chronostratigraphie de l'Europe du nord-ouest. Le manque de documentation est encore plus prononcé pour la déglaciation qui précède le LIG, la Transition SIM 6/5 ou Terminaison 2, qui a duré une dizaine de milliers d'années. Dans ce contexte, le site de Waziers, localisé en Europe occidentale (France), présente une séquence exceptionnelle constituée de dépôts successifs fins limono-calcaires couvrant l'avant-dernière déglaciation (SIM 6/5) et des tourbes riches en restes végétaux contemporaines du dernier interglaciaire (SIM 5.5). L'analyse isotopique de l'oxygène du phosphate de l'émail de dents de grands mammifères herbivores (cheval, Equus sp. ; mégalocéros, Megaloceros giganteus ; chevreuil, Capreolus capreolus) présents dans ces dépôts a permis de reconstituer les paléotempératures de l'air du vivant des animaux. Les résultats donnent des températures moyennes annuelles de 4,7 ± 0,6°C pour une première phase de la déglaciation (5 dents d'un même individu), de 6,9 ± 0,5°C pour une phase médiane de la déglaciation (1 dent), et de 8,6 ± 0,5°C pour une phase précédant l'établissement du dernier interglaciaire, le SIM 5.5 (1 dent). Des artefacts paléolithiques (silex) ont été découverts dans les dépôts contemporains de cette dernière phase-ainsi que dans ceux attribués au SIM 5.5. En accord avec les données palynologiques, les paléotempératures mettent en évidence un réchauffement progressif au cours d'une partie de la transition glaciaire/ interglaciaire, la Transition SIM 6/5. L'écart de ≈4°C entre la température minimale et la température maximale reconstituées ici permet de minorer l'écart de température entre la période glaciaire SIM 6.2 et la période interglaciaire SIM 5.5 sur le site de Waziers.

Abstract The biotic crisis following the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact resulted in a dramatic renewal of pelagic biodiversity. Considering the severe and immediate effect of the asteroid impact on the pelagic environment, it is remarkable that some of the most affected pelagic groups, like the planktonic foraminifera, survived at all. Here we queried a surface ocean metabarcoding dataset to show that calcareous benthic foraminifera of the clade Globothalamea are able to disperse actively in the plankton, and we show using molecular clock phylogeny that the modern planktonic clades originated from different benthic ancestors that colonized the plankton after the end-Cretaceous crisis. We conclude that the diversity of planktonic foraminifera has been the result of a constant leakage of benthic foraminifera diversity into the plankton, continuously refueling the planktonic niche, and challenge the classical interpretation of the fossil record that suggests that Mesozoic planktonic foraminifera gave rise to the modern communities.

Plant floral nectars contain natural sugars such as fructose, which are a primary energy resource for adult mosquitoes. Despite the importance of carbohydrates for mosquito metabolism, a limited knowledge is available about the pathways involved in sugar assimilation by mosquitoes and their associated microbiota. To this end, we used 13 C-metabolomic and stable isotope probing approaches coupled to high-throughput sequencing to reveal fructose-related mosquito metabolic pathways and the dynamics of the active gut microbiota following fructose ingestion. Results Our results revealed significant differences in metabolic pathways between males and females, highlighting different modes of central carbon metabolism regulation. Competitive and synergistic interactions of diverse fungal taxa were identified within the active mycobiota following fructose ingestion. In addition, we identified potential cross-feeding interactions between this. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between several active fungal taxa and the presence of fructose-derived metabolites. Conclusions Altogether, our results provide novel insights into mosquito carbohydrate metabolism and demonstrate that dietary fructose as it relates to mosquito sex is an important determinant of mosquito metabolism; our results also further highlight the key role of active mycobiota interactions in regulating the process of fructose assimilation in mosquitoes. This study opens new avenues for future research on mosquito-microbiota trophic interactions related to plant nectar-derived sugars. Graphical Abstract

Le choix de la FIFA d’attribuer la Coupe du Monde de football au Qatar suscite critiques et controverses à un niveau jamais connu jusqu’à présent. Néanmoins, cette compétition continue de focaliser le regard passionné de plus de 3,5 milliards de personnes, soit près de la moitié de la population mondiale. Plus qu’un show porté par le « foot-business » et les médias, le football a, depuis des années, investi toutes les sphères de la société, y compris les cercles intellectuels et académiques. Déjà dans les années 1950, l’écrivain, poète, journaliste et réalisateur italien Pier Paolo Pasolini est le premier intellectuel européen à écrire sur les compétitions de football pour des quotidiens. Pasolini a couvert ainsi plusieurs matchs sur le sol italien pour l’Unità, l’organe du Parti communiste italien, équivalent transalpin de L’Humanité. Parallèlement dans les milieux scientifiques, alors même que le sport n’était pas un objet d’étude reconnu par les sciences sociales, les sociologues Eric Dunning et Norbert Elias posent en Angleterre (terre de naissance de ce sport) les jalons de la constitution d’une sociologie du football. C’est à partir des années 1980, à mesure que le football se popularise, se diffuse à la télévision et devient l’un des premiers sports européens en termes de pratique licenciée et d’audience télévisuelle que des sociologues et historiens prennent le football comme objet d’étude.

À partir de l’entretien avec deux professionnelles de la petite enfance qui sortent régulièrement dans une forêt locale avec un groupe de jeunes enfants de la crèche, l’auteure expose en quoi ces sorties sont bénéfiques pour le développement cognitif, émotionnel et moteur de l’enfant. L’environnement naturel, où les enfants s’émerveillent de rencontres spontanées et inattendues avec le monde vivant, permet une expérience sensorielle différente de celle de la crèche. Rosina et Eline racontent la genèse de leur projet et la façon dont ces expériences s’inscrivent dans un projet global sur le bien-être de l’enfant et l’évolution des pratiques professionnelles.

Nous explorons ici comment la recherche actuelle autour de la nature pourrait élargir notre compréhension du développement de l’enfant, et de quelle manière celle-ci contribuerait à faire émerger des nouveaux enjeux pour les politiques publiques de la petite enfance. À travers cette revue de littérature, nous constatons en quoi le contact direct et régulier avec la nature pour le jeune enfant est bénéfique, et quelles implications des expériences nature dans la petite enfance il pourrait avoir sur l’éducation. Quelles articulations entre notre culture de l’enfant et celle de la nature ? Au prisme de la nature, nous pouvons développer des nouvelles considérations élargies de l’enfant, de ses intérêts et de ses compétences, et ainsi avoir une opportunité de considérer en quoi les politiques publiques de la petite enfance pourraient être un levier dans les enjeux de la transition écologique.

The effects of regional (hydrogeology and geomorphology) and local (sediment and hydrology) characteristics on hyporheic assemblages were studied along a 40-km reach of a large gravel-bed river. Hyporheic water and fauna were sampled at the upstream and downstream positions of 15 large gravel bars. The resulting 30 stations varied in their sediment grain size, stability and direction of river-aquifer exchanges. The study concludes that at the 40-km (sector) scale, the longitudinal distribution of hyporheic fauna was controlled by 1) the hydrogeology of the valley (<i>i.e.</i> gaining vs loosing sectors) that modifies abundance and taxonomic richness of stygobites 2) current channel morphometry of the river (<i>i.e.</i> shape and location of meanders), and 3) historical changes (<i>i.e.</i> river incision) which modify abundance and richness of assemblages. At the local scale, we found that surface grain size and stability of the sediment evaluated by visual observation were poor predictors of hyporheos composition. In contrast, the local hydrology (<i>i.e.</i> downwellings, upwellings, low vertical exchanges) explained a large part of the abundance, taxonomic richness and composition of the hyporheic assemblages. Stations with low vertical exchanges were found poorly colonized, while the upwelling zones were rich in stygobites and downwelling areas harbor abundant and species-rich temporary hyporheos. It was also observed that functional diversity was controlled by the same parameters, with high relative abundances of stygobites in upwelling zones and POM feeders in downwelling zones. The heterogeneity of hydrological patterns, with alternation of upwellings and downwellings may represent the optimal spatial structure for biodiversity conservation and resilience in rivers.

The importance of artificial wetlands for the biodiversity of the Rhône River floodplain was assessed at twelve stations along two sections of the river. The relative roles of the local characteristics of the wetlands (e.g. available nutrients, dissolved oxygen, sediment quality) and of their connectivity with the main channel were considered for three different groups of organisms (benthic micr obes, benthic invertebrates and phytoplankton communities). The functional characteristics of these organisms were determined through their enzymatic activities (for microbes) and biological traits (for invertebrates and phytoplankton). The predicted major role of connections between the wetlands and the river channel was confirmed for environmental characteristics (water and sediment) and benthic invertebrates. Connectivity appeared to be less of a driver of benthic microbial communities and phytoplankton, which were partly or mainly controlled by wetland geometry (water depth, light penetration, and resulting organic matter production). We conclude that connectivity with the river channel needs to be considered jointly with the geometry of wetlands to provide functional solutions when defining management and restoration plans.

In large-scale aquatic ecological studies, direct habitat descriptors (e.g. water temperature, hydraulics in river reaches) are often approximated by coarse-grain surrogates (e.g. air temperature, discharge respectively) since they are easier to measure or model. However, as biological variability can be very strong at the habitat scale, surrogate variables may have a limited ability to capture all of this variability, which may lead to a lesser understanding of the ecological processes or patterns of interest. In this study, we aimed to compare the capacity of direct habitat descriptors vs. surrogate environmental variables to explain the organization of fish and macroinvertebrate communities across the Loire catchment in France (10 5 km 2 ). For this purpose, we relied on high-resolution environmental data, extensive biological monitoring data (>1000 sampling stations) and multivariate analyses. Fish and macroinvertebrate abundance datasets were considered both separately and combined to assess the value of a cross-taxa approach. We found that fish and macroinvertebrate communities exhibited weak concordance in their organization and responded differently to the main ecological gradients. Such variations are probably due to fundamental differences in their life-history traits and mobility. Regardless of the biological group considered, direct habitat descriptors (water temperature and local hydraulic variables) consistently explained the organization of fish and macroinvertebrate communities better than surrogate descriptors (air temperature and river discharge). Furthermore, the organization of fish and macroinvertebrate communities was slightly better explained by the combination of direct or surrogate environmental variables when the two biological groups were considered together than when considered separately. Tied together, these results emphasize the importance of using a cross-taxa approach in association with high-resolution direct habitat variables to more accurately explain the organization of aquatic communities.

Pour penser les environnements capacitants, il apparaît nécessaire de clarifier le rôle des objets matériels et leurs usages normatifs dans la situation telle qu’elle est vécue par le sujet. En quoi favorisent-ils leur pouvoir d’agir ? L’étude a pour ambition de documenter les contraintes corporelles, sociales, motrices ou cognitives rencontrées en éducation physique et sportive à travers la relation sujet-objet. L’enquête ethnographique que nous avons réalisé auprès de 5 adolescents obèses issus d’établissements différents montre comment certains objets, en devenant des appuis pour agir, rendent la situation viable au regard du sujet et valable aux yeux des autres. Elle révèle pour chaque cas une manière singulière de s’engager en EPS questionnant les caractéristiques génériques d’une situation capacitante. Elle est viable pour le sujet si l’environnement permet de redéfinir la tâche en une situation acceptable pour tous les élèves. Certains objets y contribuent révélant leur rôle de médiateur. Objet conventionnel ou objet-frontière, ils participent à rendre viable la situation en compensant ou en offrant une opportunité d’agir pour tous.

Cet article fait suite à la présentation du dispositif IRCA relatif au projet « pouvoir rouler régulièrement » dans le numéro 287 d’avril 2022. En tant que véritable opportunité d’activité physique, le vélo permet d’illustrer la mission d’éducation à la santé par l’activité physique en invitant les enseignants d’EPS à endosser un rôle d’“architecte” de la vie physique des élèves. Les principaux résultats sont encourageants : apprendre à l’élève à faire du vélo permet de développer les compétences nécessaires à un engagement durable. Ce second volet présente les résultats d’une étude sur la séquence d’enseignement « pouvoir rouler régulièrement ».

Abstract Regular physical activity (PA) in youth has mental and social health outcomes (Ekelund, 2016; Biddle, 2019). Available data also suggest that the level of PA in youth predicts PA in adulthood (Telama, 2014; Varma, 2017). However, international studies (Aubert et al, 2018) have shown that the majority of young people do not achieve the PA levels recommended for health benefits (Guthold, 2020). However, despite policy intentions to develop sports infrastructure (Deguilhem, 2016; Esteban, 2016), a decrease in the overall level of physical inactivity will not be achieved by 2025 (Guthold, 2020). It seems to be a gap between the willingness of public services and the concrete actions of citizens. One of the commonly recognized obstacles to PA is the lack of time (Embersin, 2007). Thus, based on Elias' temporal model (1997) we propose to move beyond the linear view of time (chronos) to a perspective of timely time (kairos). Adopting an ecological perspective on human development, postulating that multiple determinants impact on our choices of physical activity (Bauman, 2012), we qualify and quantify the social times conducive to physical activity and inactivity. Using objective measurements of PA by accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X) and a measure of social time by digital daily diary, we identify three profiles of adolescents whose perceptions of time vary according to their level of PA. Adolescents with an active profile (>3000 METs per week) practice PA within the framework of school and out-of-school by optimizing active transports, whereas those with a low activity profile (600>PA>3000 METs per week) are mainly involved in school PA. Finally, adolescents with an inactive profile (PA>600 METs per week) only practice during compulsory physical education lessons and no social time records intense PA. As the only social time conducive to PA captured by all adolescents, the physical education lesson does not seem to be able, in its current form, to reduce inequalities in access to daily PA opportunities. There is scope for research into the organization of a school ecology (Waters, 2013; Turcotte, 2018) conducive to health education through PA.

Le street workout est une pratique physique de rue, un « sport » combinant musculation au poids de corps et gymnastique informelle. Ainsi, dans la lignée de l’ethnologie urbaine de l’École de Chicago, l’article étudie la façon dont les pratiquants arrivent à se saisir de cette pratique comme « art de résistance » pour développer une organisation originale malgré certaines formes d’adversité. Il s’agit alors d’éclairer les modalités par lesquelles ces acteurs, bien que doublement dominés par la classe sociale et leur appartenance ethno-raciale, parviennent à former un collectif, relativement organisé, en dépit de faibles ressources économiques, sociales et culturelles. De surcroît, il s’agit également de voir comment le fondateur doté d’un habitus de survie perpétue une tradition de résistances et de quête de dignité d’un quartier populaire strasbourgeois par l’implantation d’un « spot » de référence.

A core from a peat bog in the “Niayes” region, northwest of Senegal, provides a valuable insight into the evolution of the landscape and fire regime related to the West African Monsoon rainfall and to human impact over the Holocene. The high-resolution multiproxy approach based on stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), Rock-Eval® thermal analysis, and charcoal analysis, provides an understanding of vegetation composition (C3/C4) and fire regime in the continental watershed. The analysis of our data indicates a more woody landscape and a higher water table level, related to increased monsoonal rainfall during the African Humid period (AHP) between 9.5 and 5.5 cal kyr BP. High insolation and orbital changes account for a northward migration of the African Rain Belt and a reinforced West Africa monsoon. The amount of forest fires was low and most likely of natural occurrence, as human density was very low. A short dry event interrupts the AHP and gives rise to a weakly grassy landscape at around 8.2 cal kyr BP. This drought of centennial scale (400 years) occurring between 8.4 and 8 cal kyr BP is concomitant with the general cooling observed in the Northern Hemisphere. After a period of transition, the millennial-scale Late Holocene dry period begins at 4.8 cal kyr BP. The low water table level, resulting from a decrease in precipitation, coincides with the appearance of a grassy savanna landscape. Insolation decrease and reduced vegetation were likely driven by a southward migration of the African Rain Belt and a weakening of the monsoon. During the late Holocene the “Niayes” zone evolved into a phase of environmental stress often interrupted by Little Humid Periods (LHP) of centennial scale (500 and 600 years) respectively between 4.4 and 3.9 and between 1.1 and 0.5 cal kyr BP. After 0.5 cal kyr BP the decrease in precipitation and the increase in savanna fires, probaly of anthropogenic origin, favor the landscape opening.

Background: Following an ecological framework, the aim of this study was to highlight the way adolescents invested their time in opportunities to engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) according to whether they were profiled as more or less active. This study's innovation lies in the analysis of MVPA according to social occasions which are understood as opportunities to be active throughout the day (e.g. home, school, transport). Methods: PA data measured by accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X) for seven consecutive days were compiled, with adolescents' social occasions during the week recorded in a daily digital diary (n = 135). The opportunity ratio of MVPA at each social time is the ratio between time spent in MVPA and the duration of a corresponding social occasion. Following the literature, participants were categorised into three profiles according to their reported amount of MVPA: HEPA active, minimally active and inactive. Non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank and Kruskal Wallis tests were performed to determine the relative intensity of PA performed at different social occasions, and to investigate whether intensities differed between adolescents with various activity profiles. Results: Results showed that engagement in MVPA at different social occasions differed according to participant profiles. Mismatch was noticed between the opportunity ratio and the duration of the most and least favorable social occasions for MVPA. For all three profiles, the social occasion "physical education lesson" revealed an opportunity ratio of MVPA (23.6% vs 17.0% vs 13.8%) significantly higher than the overall opportunity ratio of the week (6.9% vs 2.9% vs 1.2%), but of lower duration. Conversely, "home" (5.3% vs 0.0% vs 0.0%) and "school" (outside of PE time) (2.4% vs 0.0% vs 0.0%) represented the two least opportune social occasions for PA in an adolescent's week. Conclusions: Rethinking engagement with MVPA in the context of temporal opportunities would allow potential ways to intervene within an educational supervised setting to help young people adopt a physically active lifestyle at the end of the key period of adolescence. These results reinforced the importance of context in interventions for PA promotion, opening for "time education" in people.

Rivers and their riparian zones are linked by reciprocal subsidies such as leaf fall or the emergence of biphasic aquatic organisms. Transfers of subsidies from freshwater to terrestrial ecosystems have been broadly studied, yet few studies have explored the transfer of aquatic organic matter (AOM) to surrounding terrestrial ecosystems as a response of hydrological variability. When rivers dry or flood, AOM can be transferred to terrestrial ecosystems and decomposed by terrestrial organisms, however, this process remains poorly investigated. In this study, we monitored the decomposition rate of several types of AOM (algae, macroinvertebrate and fish) exposed to different drying intensity, on the gravel bars and in the riparian zone of an intermittent headwater stream. The contribution of different terrestrial organisms to this decomposition rate was also explored. We showed that decomposition rates did not differ between the gravel bars and riparian zone although the invertebrate assemblages, which colonized the AOM, did. The decomposition rates depended mainly on the type of organic matter, with AOM of animal origin being decomposed more rapidly than that of vegetal origin. Microorganisms and vertebrates contributed most to the decomposition. Our results suggest that stranded AOM is consumed by terrestrial organisms; however, environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity can affect its decomposition. As extreme hydrological events are becoming more frequent, we need further research to explore how stranded AOM decomposition changes across seasons, river types and climates to improve our understanding of this process and its importance for terrestrial food webs.

Pourquoi et comment des parents créent-ils leur propre crèche et s’investissent-ils dans une pédagogie spécifique ? Gillian Cante, fondatrice de Giving Tree, une crèche parentale de Strasbourg, nous répond. Gillian Cante, Fondatrice et Présidente de la crèche parentale Giving Tree de 2010 à 2018

Abstract Species traits are an essential currency in ecology, evolution, biogeography, and conservation biology. However, trait databases are unavailable for most organisms, especially those living in difficult-to-access habitats such as caves and other subterranean ecosystems. We compiled an expert-curated trait database for subterranean spiders in Europe using both literature data (including grey literature published in many different languages) and direct morphological measurements whenever specimens were available to us. We started by updating the checklist of European subterranean spiders, now including 512 species across 20 families, of which at least 192 have been found uniquely in subterranean habitats. For each of these species, we compiled 64 traits. The trait database encompasses morphological measures, including several traits related to subterranean adaptation, and ecological traits referring to habitat preference, dispersal, and feeding strategies. By making these data freely available, we open up opportunities for exploring different research questions, from the quantification of functional dimensions of subterranean adaptation to the study of spatial patterns in functional diversity across European caves.

Abstract Plant–animal interactions (PAI) represent major channels of energy transfer through ecosystems, where both positive and antagonistic interactions simultaneously contribute to ecosystem functioning. Monitoring PAI therefore increases the understanding of environmental health, integrity, and functioning, and studying complex interactions through accurate, cost‐effective sampling can aid in the management of detrimental anthropogenic impacts. Environmental DNA (eDNA)‐based monitoring represents an increasingly common, nondestructive approach for biodiversity monitoring, which could help to elucidate PAI. Here, we aim to provide an overall discussion on the potential of using eDNA to study PAI. We assessed the existing literature on this subject from 2009 to 2021 using a freely accessible web search tool. The search was conducted by using keywords involving eDNA and PAI, including both species‐specific and metabarcoding approaches, recovering 43 studies. We summarized the advantages and current limitations of such approaches, and we outline research priorities to improve future eDNA‐based methods for PAI analysis. Among the 43 studies identified using eDNA to measure PAI such as pollination, herbivory, mutualistic, and parasitic relationships, they have often identified higher taxonomic diversity in several direct comparisons with DNA‐based gut/bulk sampling and conventional survey methods. Research needs include the following: better understanding of the influencing factors of eDNA detection involved in PAI (e.g., eDNA degradation, origin, and types), methodological standardization (sampling methods and primer development), and more inclusive sequence reference databases. If these research priorities are addressed, it will have a significant impact to enable PAI biodiversity monitoring with eDNA. In the future, the implementation of eDNA methods to study PAI can particularly benefit the scalability of environmental biomonitoring surveys that are imperative for ecosystem health assessments.

RésuméNotre contribution s’attachera à mettre en évidence les transformations dans la conception du handball et de son apprentissage, apportées pendant les années 1960 et 1970 en lien notamment avec l’évolution de la représentation des sports collectifs en France et à l’étranger mais également avec les modifications d’orientation des pratiques physiques pour les jeunes.D’un point de vue méthodologique, nous avons recherché et identifié en France les articles de la Revue EPS sur le handball, différents ouvrages technico-tactiques ainsi que les fascicules publiés par la Direction technique nationale (DTN). Ce corpus est complété par des sources de nature fédérale, telles que la revue officielle de la Fédération française de handball (Bulletin Fédéral) des années 1960 et 1970, des archives privées et des éléments relatifs aux sports collectifs en particulier en lien avec le Colloque international de Vichy de 1965, précurseur dans le domaine de la réflexion tactique en sports collectifs.L’analyse de ces sources éclectiques nous permet de mettre en évidence une transformation théorique de la conception du handball au cours des années 1960 induisant progressivement des modifications dans l’enseignement et l’entraînement des jeunes joueurs. En lien, plus ou moins explicite, avec les travaux de Frédérich Mahlo et Léon Teodoresco, présentés lors du Colloque international de Vichy, la technique n’est plus une juxtaposition de gestes, mais une technique d’action, réinvestissable dans la tactique collective. Par conséquent, la notion de jeu reprenant les éléments principaux de la logique interne de tout sport collectif – balle, cible, partenaires, adversaires, espace, temps – prend une autre dimension dans les leçons d’éducation physique et sportive. Les situations d’apprentissage in situ prennent alors progressivement le pas sur les situations d’apprentissage technique voire technocentré qui faisaient encore foi dans les années 1960. AbstractOur contribution highlights the transformations in the conception of handball and its learning during the 1960s and 1970s. We focus specifically on the evolution of the representation of team sports in France and abroad as well as changes in the orientation of physical practice in youth. Methodologically, we identified documents about handball in France: articles from the Revue EPS, various technical-tactical works and the booklets published by the Direction Technique Nationale (i.e. the technical committee) of the french handball federation (FFHB). This corpus is completed by federal sources such as the FFHB official journal (Bulletin Fédéral) during the 1960s and 1970s, private archives, and other team sports documents, in particular related to the International Colloquium of Vichy in 1965, which initiated tactical thinking in team sports. Analyses of these eclectic sources highlights a theoretical transformation of the conception of handball during the 1960s. Indeed, changes in the teaching and training of young players were progressively introduced. Consistent with Frédérich Mahlo’s and Léon Teodoresco’s works presented during the International Colloquium of Vichy, the technique is no longer a juxtaposition of isolated movements, but a technique ‘through action’ that a player could use in collective tactics. Consequently, the game is upgraded in lessons of sport and physical education by considering all the pieces of team sports ‘internal logic’, namely the ball, the target, partners, opponents, the space and the time. Therefore, learning situations in situ get increasing interest contrary to technical or ‘techno-centric’ lessons (i.e. focused on technique only and not on the player) that were still widely used in the 1960s. ResumenLa meta de nuestra aportación será poner de relieve las transformaciones de la concepción del balonmano y de su enseñanza, herencia de los años sesenta y setenta, estableciendo el vínculo con la evolución de la representación de los deportes colectivos en Francia y en el extranjero y también con las modificaciones de orientación de las prácticas deportivas para los jóvenes. En cuanto a nuestro enfoque metodológico, buscamos e identificamos en Francia los artículos de la revista Revue EPS referentes al balonmano, varias obras técnico-tácticas así como los folletos publicados por la Dirección Técnica Nacional (DTN). Ese corpus lo completan fuentes federales tales como la revista oficial de la Federación Francesa de balonmano (Boletín Federal) de los años 60 y 70, archivos privados y elementos relativos a los deportes colectivos en particular los vinculados con el Coloquio Internacional de Vichy de 1965, precursor en el campo de la reflexión táctica en los deportes colectivos. El análisis de esas fuentes eclécticas nos permite evidenciar una transformación teórica de la concepción del balonmano durante los años 60 que generaron poco a poco modificaciones en la enseñanza y en el entrenamiento de los jugadores jóvenes. Como consecuencia más o menos explícita de los trabajos de Frédérich Mahlo y de Léon Teodoresco, presentados en ocasión del coloquio internacional de Vichy, la técnica ya no es una yuxtaposición de gestos sino una técnica de acción, transferible a la táctica colectiva. Por consiguiente, la noción de juego que abarca los elementos principales de la lógica interna de cualquier deporte colectivo (pelota, blanco, compañeros, adversarios, espacio y tiempo) coge otra dimensión en las clases de educación física y deportiva. Entonces, las situaciones de aprendizaje in situ poco a poco, ganan por la mano a las situaciones de aprendizaje técnico incluso tecnocentrado que todavía eran la norma en los años 60.

Ce projet est né d'une conviction commune entre trois acteurs aux statuts différents : une EPS de qualité a pour ambition d'éduquer à l'activité physique par une étroite collaboration entre le milieu scolaire et extra-scolaire. Enseignant d'EPS, collectivités territoriales et enseignants-chercheurs ont pensé collectivement ce dispositif.

Cet article propose de revenir sur une expérimentation d’échanges en ligne de dix mois, menée à partir de Facebook Messenger, pour s’adapter au mode de vie d’un enquêté, pratiquant d’ultra-trail. Il illustre le choix d’un outil engendré par une rencontre et une situation inédites, et revient sur les enjeux et les questions liés à ce choix. Il examine par étapes le détournement d’un outil numérique grand public et questionne son potentiel analytique et empirique, en le comparant aux méthodes traditionnelles. Plus largement, l’auteur montre comment cet outil peut renouveler les techniques qualitatives, en s’ajoutant aux techniques classiques de l’entretien et de l’ethnographie. L’article présente également un rapport atypique à l’enquêté qui, à travers cette expérimentation, est amené à donner son avis sur un projet en coconstruction.

Microbes play a critical role in plant litter decomposition and influence the fate of carbon in rivers and riparian zones. When decomposing low‐nutrient plant litter, microbes acquire nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the environment (i.e., nutrient immobilization), and this process is potentially sensitive to nutrient loading and changing climate. Nonetheless, environmental controls on immobilization arepoorly understood because rates are also influenced by plant litter chemistry, which is coupled to the same environmental factors. Here we used a standardized, low‐nutrient organic matter substrate (cotton strips) to quantify nutrient immobilization at 100 paired stream and riparian sites representing 11 biomes worldwide. Immobilization rates varied by three orders of magnitude, were greater in rivers than riparian zones, andwere strongly correlated to decomposition rates. In rivers, P immobilization rates were controlled by surface water phosphate concentrations, but N immobilization rates were not related to inorganic N. The N:P of immobilized nutrients was tightly constrained to a molar ratio of 10:1 despite wide variation in surface water N:P. Immobilization rates were temperature‐dependent in riparian zones but not related to temperature in rivers. However, in rivers nutrient supply ultimately controlled whether microbes could achieve the maximum expected decomposition rate at a given temperature. Collectively, we demonstrated that exogenous nutrient supply and immobilization are critical control points for decomposition of organic matter.

The shift from sexual reproduction to parthenogenesis has occurred repeatedly in animals, but how the loss of sex affects genome evolution remains poorly understood. We generated reference genomes for five independently evolved parthenogenetic species in the stick insect genus Timema and their closest sexual relatives. Using these references and population genomic data, we show that parthenogenesis results in an extreme reduction of heterozygosity and often leads to genetically uniform populations. We also find evidence for less effective positive selection in parthenogenetic species, suggesting that sex is ubiquitous in natural populations because it facilitates fast rates of adaptation. Parthenogenetic species did not show increased transposable element (TE) accumulation, likely because there is little TE activity in the genus. By using replicated sexual-parthenogenetic comparisons, our study reveals how the absence of sex affects genome evolution in natural populations, providing empirical support for the negative consequences of parthenogenesis as predicted by theory.

While it is recognized that biodiversity currently declines at a global scale, we still have an incomplete understanding of local biodiversity trends under global change. To address this deficiency, we examined the recent decadal trends in water quality and biodiversity (taxonomic and functional) of key river organisms (diatoms, macroinvertebrates and fish) in France. We implemented regression, RLQ and fourth-corner analyses. Our results showed that nutrient loads tended to decrease, diatom richness tended to decline and macoinvertebrate richness tended to increase. The recovery of sensitive taxa in all three groups suggested a successful outcome of water quality management in France over the past decades. Our study further revealed consistent rearrangements within river communities, with a decrease in the ratio of planktonic to benthic diatoms, and corresponding functional changes in macroinvertebrate and fish trait composition, indicative of a trophic cascade in response to changes in environmental conditions.

Understanding temporal changes in the composition of species communities over spa- tial and temporal scales relevant to conservation management is crucial for prevent- ing further biodiversity declines. Here, we assessed patterns and potential drivers of taxonomic and functional temporal β diversity over 26 years (1991–2016) of 64 river macroinvertebrate communities, and the length of New Zealand (37°00’N, 46°00’S). We further examined changes in population size and range shifts of species pools, and related these to taxonomy and functional traits. We found increasing climate and land-use driven differences in both the taxonomic and functional composition of communities over time, coupled with poleward species colonisations and increasing extirpations in northern locations. Increases in population and species range size were more prevalent than decreases in population and range size. Species shifted their ranges towards higher latitudes on average by 50 km per decade. Despite little to no relation- ship with taxonomy, we uncovered distinct relationships between functional traits and population trends and latitudinal species range shifts. Species with a high number of reproductive cycles per year and long-life duration of adults tended to increase their population size, while larger size species with a high number of descendants per repro- ductive cycle tended to shift their range towards more southern latitudes. Our results suggest that the intensity of disturbances, the geographic location of individuals and communities, and species ecological and functional characteristics, are major determi- nants of riverine biodiversity reorganisation in the Anthropocene.

Abstract Nudix hydrolases are conserved enzymes ubiquitously present in all kingdoms of life. Recent research revealed that several Nudix hydrolases are involved in terpenoid metabolism in plants. In modern roses, RhNUDX1 is responsible for formation of geraniol, a major compound of rose scent. Nevertheless, this compound is produced by monoterpene synthases in many geraniol-producing plants. As a consequence, this raised the question about the origin of RhNUDX1 function and the NUDX1 gene evolution in Rosaceae, in wild roses or/and during the domestication process. Here, we showed that three distinct clades of NUDX1 emerged in the Rosoidae subfamily (Nudx1-1 to Nudx1-3 clades), and two subclades evolved in the Rosa genus (Nudx1-1a and Nudx1-1b subclades). We also showed that the Nudx1-1b subclade was more ancient than the Nudx1-1a subclade, and that the NUDX1-1a gene emerged by a trans-duplication of the more ancient NUDX1-1b gene. After the transposition, NUDX1-1a was cis-duplicated, leading to a gene dosage effect on the production of geraniol in different species. Furthermore, the NUDX1-1a appearance was accompanied by the evolution of its promoter, most likely from a Copia retrotransposon origin, leading to its petal-specific expression. Thus, our data strongly suggest that the unique function of NUDX1-1a in geraniol formation was evolved naturally in the genus Rosa before domestication.

Abstract. Strategies used by marine vertebrates to regulate their body temperature can result in local variations, and the knowledge of these regional heterothermies is crucial for better understanding the thermophysiologies of extant and extinct organisms. In order to investigate regional heterothermies in vertebrates, we analysed the oxygen isotope composition of phosphatic skeletal elements (δ18Op) of two endothermic fishes (Thunnus thynnus and Xiphias gladius) and three dolphins (two Delphinus delphis delphis and one Cephalorhynchus commersonii kerguelensis). We observed a consistent link between δ18Op variations and temperature heterogeneities recorded by classical methods. Our δ18Op data indicate that: (i) bone hydroxylapatite of the axial skeleton of dolphins mineralise at a warmer temperature than that of the appendicular one, (ii) the skull is the warmest body region in X. gladius, and (iii) T. thynnus possesses high body temperature in the skull and visceral mass region. These results demonstrate the possibility of tracking regional heterothermies in extant marine vertebrates using the δ18Op, paving the way to direct assessment of thermophysiological specificities of both living and extinct vertebrates. From a palaeoenvironmental perspective, the significant observed δ18Op variability questions the use of some taxa or random skeletal elements for the reconstruction of palaeoceanographic parameters such as seawater temperature and δ18O.

Species and nestmate recognition in social insects occurs mostly through cutic-ular hydrocarbons acting as chemical cues. These compounds generate a colony-specificodor profile depending on genetic and environmental factors. Species and nestmate recog-nition results in specific behavioral responses, regulating the level of aggression towardother individuals during an interaction. Although species discrimination and recognitioncues have been poorly studied in the context of interspecific hybridization, such systemsoffer an opportunity to further investigate the influence of heritable and environmental fac-tors on recognition. We explored the strength of discrimination in a hybrid zone betweentwo ant species—Tetramorium immigransandT. caespitum—by comparing cuticular hy-drocarbon profiles and measuring intra- and interspecific worker aggression in both areasof sympatry and areas of allopatry among species. Species cuticular hydrocarbon profileswere well-differentiated and interspecific aggression was high, revealing highly discrim-inating species recognition cues. Hybrids’ cuticular hydrocarbon profiles consisted of amixture of the parental bouquets, but also exhibited hybrid-specific patterns. Behavioralassays showed thatT. immigransis as aggressive toward hybrids as toward heterospecifics.Finally, aggression between heterospecific workers was lower when interacting individu-als came from areas of sympatry among species than from areas of allopatry. Taken as awhole, these findings paint a particularly complex picture of the recognition system inT.immigrans,T. caespitum, and their hybrids, and highlight that hybrid zones afford a stillunderexplored opportunity for investigating recognition mechanisms and discriminationbetween species

Children between the ages of 4–6 years represent the population most affected by drowning accidents, while their early involvement in physical activity, and more specifically in aquatic activities is a key factor in their future physical life journey. The systematic review’s purpose was to identify aspects in the intervention’s studies with children and/or their parents that had a significant impact on the Aquatic Literacy (AL) dimensions mentioned as motor, psychological, affective, and cognitive. The PICO method was used to define the research question and PRISMA checklist searched for articles in nine databases: Cochrane, Embase, ERIC, ProQuest, PsychInfo, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria were: (1) English language, (2) primary research, (3) population of 4–6 year old children or their parents, (4) intervention study design, and (5) results related to at least one of the AL domains. The strength of evidence and the risk of bias were assessed. Results showed relatively poor number of studies for such a vulnerable population regarding the drowning risk (n = 8 for parents and n = 14 for children intervention). Studies did not show a consensus on which educational approach was more beneficial than others. Concerning parental education, results were rather homogeneous, especially concerning the theoretical frameworks employed and the relevancy to include parents in swimming programs. The development of pedagogical tools for promotion and evaluation, based on the AL theoretical framework, could help to clarify the question of “how to teach” children to prevent drowning and engage young children in long-term physical activities.

With only 43 described stygobionts and only two isopod species the obligate groundwater fauna of Iran, a vast country with over 10% of limestone surface, is inadequately known. Here, we report the discovery of Asellus ismailsezarii sp. nov. from Zagros mountains, the first eyeless and depigmented asellid isopod from Iran. The new species is morphologically similar to Asellus monticola Birstein, 1932, but it is eyeless and fully depigmented, has a slightly curved pereopod IV and does not bear any setae on proximal margins of exopodite of pleopods IV and V. Species phylogenetic relationships using original and datamined mitochondrial DNA and nuclear rDNA, and estimation of molecular divergences with other Asellus species, suggest that A. ismailsezarii sp. nov. is sister to a larger clade that also contains the European A. aquaticus species complex. Surface populations of Asellus have colonized groundwater at multiple occasions and localities, both in Europe and Asia, giving rise to species and subspecies that have evolved troglomorphisms, such as depigmentation and loss of eyes. Of the 37 formally described species and subspecies of Asellus , 15 are from groundwater, including A. ismailsezarii sp. nov. We predict that many more obligate groundwater Asellus taxa are yet to be discovered in Asia.

Developmental plasticity is partly mediated by transgenerational effects, including those mediated by the maternal endocrine system. Glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones may play central roles in developmental programming through their action on metabolism and growth. However, the mechanisms by which they affect growth and development remain understudied. One hypothesis is that maternal hormones directly affect the production and availability of energy-carrying molecules (e.g. ATP) by their action on mitochondrial function. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally increased glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones in wild great tit eggs (Parus major) to investigate their impact on offspring mitochondrial aerobic metabolism (measured in blood cells), and subsequent growth and survival. We show that prenatal glucocorticoid supplementation affected offspring cellular aerobic metabolism by decreasing mitochondrial density, maximal mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, while increasing the proportion of the maximum capacity being used under endogenous conditions. Prenatal glucocorticoid supplementation only had mild effects on offspring body mass, size and condition during the rearing period, but led to a sex-specific (females only) decrease in body mass a few months after fledging. Contrary to our expectations, thyroid hormones supplementation did not affect offspring growth or mitochondrial metabolism. Recapture probabilities as juveniles or adults were not significantly affected by prenatal hormonal treatments. Our results demonstrate that prenatal glucocorticoids can affect post-natal mitochondrial density and aerobic metabolism. The weak effects on growth and apparent survival suggest that nestlings were mostly able to compensate for the transient decrease in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism induced by prenatal glucocorticoids.

The study of environmental DNA released by aquatic organisms in their habitat offers a fast, non-invasive and sensitive approach to monitor their presence. Common eDNA sampling methods such as water filtration and DNA precipitation are time consuming, require difficult-to-handle equipment and partially integrate eDNA signals. To overcome these limitations, we created the first proof of concept of a passive, 3D-printed and easy-to-use eDNA sampler. We designed the samplers from hydroxyapatite (HAp samplers), a natural mineral with a high DNA adsorption capacity. The porous structure and shape of the samplers were designed to optimise DNA adsorption and facilitate their handling in the laboratory and in the field. Here we show that HAp samplers can efficiently collect genomic DNA in controlled set-ups, but can also collect animal eDNA under controlled and natural conditions with yields similar to conventional methods. However, we also observed large variations in the amount of DNA collected even under controlled conditions. A better understanding of the DNA-hydroxyapatite interactions on the surface of the samplers is now necessary to optimise the eDNA adsorption and to allow the development of a reliable, easy-to-use and reusable eDNA sampling tool.

Cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) is a form of genetic conflict over sex determination that results from differences in modes of inheritance between genomic compartments 1-3. Indeed, maternally-transmitted (usually mitochondrial) genes, sometimes enhance their transmission by suppressing the male function in a hermaphroditic organism, to the detriment of biparentallyinherited nuclear genes. As a result, these hermaphrodites become functionally female, and may coexist with regular hermaphrodites in so-called gynodioecious populations 3. CMS has been known in plants since Darwin's times 4 , but is previously unknown in the animal kingdom 5-8. We relate the first observation of CMS in animals. It occurs in a freshwater snail population, where some individuals appear unable to sire offspring in controlled crosses and show anatomical, physiological and behavioral characters consistent with a suppression of the male function. Male-sterility is associated with a mitochondrial lineage that underwent a spectacular acceleration of DNA substitution rates, affecting the entire mitochondrial genome-this acceleration concerns both synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions and therefore results from increased mitogenome mutation rates. Consequently, mitochondrial haplotype divergence within the population is exceptionally high, matching that observed between snail taxa that diverged 475 million years ago. This result is reminiscent of similar accelerations in mitogenome evolution observed in plant clades where gynodioecy is frequent 9,10 , both being consistent with arms-race evolution of genome regions implicated in CMS 11,12. Our study shows that genomic conflicts can trigger independent evolution of similar sex determination systems in plants and animals, and dramatically accelerate molecular evolution.

Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects numerous physiological and behavioural mechanisms in various species by po- tentially disturbing circadian timekeeping systems and modifying melatonin levels. However, given the multiple direct and indirect effects of ALAN on organisms, large-scale transcriptomic approaches are essential to assess the global ef- fect of ALAN on biological processes. Moreover, although studies have focused mainly on variations in gene expression during the night in the presence of ALAN, it is necessary to investigate the effect of ALAN on gene expression during the day. In this study, we combined de novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly, and a controlled laboratory experi- ment to evaluate the transcriptome-wide gene expression response using high-throughput (RNA-seq) in Bufo bufo tad- poles exposed to ecologically relevant light levels. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that ALAN affected gene expression at night (3.5% and 11% of differentially expressed genes when exposed to 0.1 and 5 lx compared to con- trols, respectively), but also during the day (11.2% of differentially expressed genes when exposed to 5 lx compared to controls) with a dose-dependent effect. ALAN globally induced a downregulation of genes (during the night, 58% and 62% of the genes were downregulated when exposed to 0.1 and 5 lx compared to controls, respectively, and dur- ing the day, 61.2% of the genes were downregulated when exposed to 5 lx compared to controls). ALAN effects were detected at very low levels of illuminance (0.1 lx) and affected mainly genes related to the innate immune system and, to a lesser extend to lipid metabolism. These results provide new insights into understanding the effects of ALAN on organism. ALAN impacted the expression of genes linked to a broad range of physiological pathways at very low levels of ALAN during night-time and during daytime, potentially resulting in reduced immune capacity under environmen- tal immune challenges.

Le corps impropre est une recherche basée sur une étude contrôlée multicentrique. A travers une lecture phénoménologique du corps après un traumatisme crânien, nous avons développé le concept d’impropréité, définit comme l’écart irréductible qui sépare le corps vivant du corps vécu. En clinique, la création du concept résulte de la nécessité de faire le lien entre le corps vivant rééduqué par les thérapeutes et le corps tel qu’il est vécu par le sujet. Cet enjeu central en psychomotricité conduit à questionner l’évaluation de l’impropréité au sein du bilan psychomoteur. L’étude de cinq cas issus de cette recherche à la fois quantitative et qualitative, offre de premières perspectives.

Au-delà des aspects moteurs, psychologiques et sociaux de l’EPS, des connaissances sont nécessaires pour progresser dans les diverses activités physiques et prendre conscience de l’intérêt d’une vie active. Comment prendre en compte cette dimension cognitive ?

Sport is traditionally presented and used as a vector of integration and citizenship for foreign populations in all immigration countries. Leisure sports activities allow inter-cultural dialogue and offer opportunities for socialization. For this reason, in several European countries, sports associations and NGOs have initiated many sports pro-grams open to migrants and refugees, the effects of which are often unknown to social science. Furthermore, the issue of welcoming migrants has taken on a new dimension in recent years: Europe is the region that quantitatively welcomes the largest number of international migrants. In this context, the use of sport to integrate newly arrived migrants raises many questions for social sciences. Can we thus identify practices and initiatives for integration through sport that can be generalized to all countries? How do the different European countries deal with the migratory phenomenon and with what reception arrangements and integration models? Comparing several sporting practices, programs and systems in different countries the paper investigates how in-clusion and integration are translated into action strategies, and suggests a rethinking of some sociological categories. Doing so, the concepts of Integration, immigrant, mi-grant and sport are tested by Social Sciences in order to better understand the society we are living.

Bioturbation activity of tubificid worms has been recognized as a key process influencing organic matter process- ing and nutrient cycling in benthic aquatic ecosystems. This activity is expected to modify benthic microbial com- munities by affecting the physical and chemical environment in sediments. Nevertheless, quantifications of bacterial community changes associated with bioturbation in freshwater ecosystems are still lacking. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of tubificid worms on bacterial community structure using NGS approach (16S metabarcoding) and long (6 months) laboratory experiments on four heterotrophic wetland sediments. Worm bioturbation activity significantly stimulated biogeochemical processes at the water-sediment interface but only had a marginally significant effect on bacterial community structures. Yet, bacterial diversity was consis- tently reduced in presence of worms. Such decrease could be associated with the stimulation of organic matter mineralization by worms, leading to a reduction of the diversity of trophic niches available for bacterial species. The slight changes in bacterial community structures induced by bioturbation did not appear to control biogeo- chemical processes. Thus, the stimulation of biogeochemical processes by worm bioturbation was more associ- ated with a stimulation of the initial bacterial community than with a drastic change in bacterial communities induced by worms.

Purpose: Despite its relevance for the training of a well-rounded physically literate individual, the development of knowledge about physical activity (KPA) is understudied. We examined how KPA is differentiated and evolves according to grade level, gender, and type of school attended by an adolescent. Method: A reliable KPA assessment tool was developed. A three-way analysis of variance was used to analyze z scores on the effects of gender, grade level, and type of school on five different dimensions of knowledge. Results: The reliability was validated. Statistically significant interactions were revealed between grade and school institution on KPA z scores. Main results showed that vocational schools displayed significantly lower levels, compared to traditional ones. The only increase in knowledge according to grade was noticeable only in traditional schools. Results revealed no significant gender differences. Discussion: The French physical education system does not seem to provide an adequate level of KPA, especially in vocational schools.

1. Identifying the relationships between morphology and trophic niche is at the core of functional morphology. Low resource diversity and fluxes of organic carbon are expected to constrain trophic specialisation of morphological structures be- cause food resources are too scarce to promote trophic differentiation. However, species from low-­ productivity habitats often exhibit specialised biological traits such as resistance to starvation and high food-­ finding abilities, which may in turn release constraints on trophic and morphological differentiation among species. 2. Groundwaters are food resource-­ limited because of the lack of photosynthetic production and limited inputs of organic carbon from surface ecosystems. We tested for co-­ variation between morphology and trophic habits in co-­ occurring Niphargus amphipods from five groundwater caves of the Dinaric Karst, Europe. We predicted that the size of gnathopods—­ the accessory feeding appendages—would positively co-­ vary with trophic position: species with larger gnathopods should more easily grab and immobilise prey. 3. We quantified gnathopod size and shape by means of morphometric measure- ments and assessed isotopic niche, trophic position, and carbon signatures using nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotopes. We tested for correlation be- tween morphological traits and trophic position and δ13C signatures while ac- counting for phylogenetic relationships among species. 4. All co-­ occurring species differed morphologically in at least one gnathopod meas- urement and all of them differed in their isotopic niches. As predicted, gnathopod size increased with the increasing trophic position. This co-­ variation probably re- flects differences in detritivorous and predatory habits among species: amphi- pods with larger gnathopods, hence larger muscle and more powerful grip, could more easily subdue prey. Moreover, we found a significant correlation between gnathopod shape and the normalised δ13C values, indicating that shape of the gnathopods may be related to exploitation of different food resources. 5. We show that low-­ productivity subterranean habitat species can exhibit strong trophic specialisation of morphological structures. Gnathopod size and shape of Niphargus amphipods are functional traits that co-­ vary with trophic habits. Our findings pave the way for investigating how co-­ variation of morphological and trophic traits may control energy flow and species’ coexistence at lower bounds of habitat productivity.

Sex strongly impacts genome evolution via recombination and segregation. In the absence of these processes, haplotypes within lineages of diploid organisms are predicted to accumulate mutations independently of each other and diverge over time. This so-called “Meselson effect” is regarded as a strong indicator of the long-term evolution under obligate asexuality. Here, we present genomic and transcriptomic data of three populations of the asexual oribatid mite species Oppiella nova and its sexual relative Oppiella subpectinata . We document strikingly different patterns of haplotype divergence between the two species, strongly supporting Meselson effect–like evolution and long-term asexuality in O. nova : I) variation within individuals exceeds variation between populations in O. nova but vice versa in O. subpectinata ; II) two O. nova sublineages feature a high proportion of lineage-specific heterozygous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), indicating that haplotypes continued to diverge after lineage separation; III) the deepest split in gene trees generally separates the two haplotypes in O. nova , but populations in O. subpectinata ; and IV) the topologies of the two haplotype trees match each other. Our findings provide positive evidence for the absence of canonical sex over evolutionary time in O. nova and suggest that asexual oribatid mites can escape the dead-end fate usually associated with asexual lineages.

Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) – waterways in which flow ceases periodically or that dry completely – are found worldwide, and their frequency and extent are expected to increase in the future in response to global climate change and growing anthropogenic demand for fresh water. Repeated wet–dry cycles generate highly dynamic settings within river networks composed of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, which act as evolutionary triggers for aquatic and terrestrial biota. Drying also alters functions and processes within river networks, with consequences for ecosystem services. Despite the emergence of promising conceptual and methodological developments, our understanding of the occurrence and diversity of organisms in these ecosystems is limited primarily due to their coupled aquatic–terrestrial characteristics. Novel genomic tools based on high-throughput sequencing have the potential to tackle unanswered questions of pivotal importance to predict future change in IRES. Here, we outline why genomic tools are needed to assess these dynamic ecosystems from the population to the metacommunity scale, and their potential role in bridging ecological–evolutionary dynamics.

While Olympic bids were for a long time diplomatic and strategic decisions taken in a very narrow circle of sport, political and economic stakeholders recently, new forms of grassroots participation and citizens’ efforts have arisen, striving to influence the orientation of the projects. This article examines the socio-political construction of protest fronts against the 2024 Olympic bids in Europe through a qualitative study of four cities: Paris (France), Rome (Italy), Hamburg (Germany) and Budapest (Hungary). Findings show that the bids (supported or challenged) essentially serve local political strategies. Mainly, opponents seem to be able to achieve their goals only if they rely on advocacy coalitions based on multiple actors and organizations which give them an access to strategic resources such as political networks or traditional media. Although the repertoire of action is similar -and in some ways standardized -across all the bids, it seems that the determinants of contestation are profoundly contextual, according to local political spaces and conjunctures.

Cet article part du constat d’un engagement associatif important dans le domaine de l’oncologie pédiatrique, qui se différencie de l’oncologie adulte, où il est réputé moindre. À partir d’une comparaison de l’engagement associatif dans le domaine de l’oncologie pédiatrique et dans celui de l’oncologie adulte, l’article montre la spécificité des associations de parents. Bien que l’expérience de la maladie constitue un moteur commun de l’engagement, l’analyse met en évidence deux formes particulières d’associations de parents, peu visibles chez les patients adultes. Il s’agit d’une part des associations rattachées à un service hospitalier, et de l’autre des associations « personnalisées ». Au-delà des différences en termes d’organisation ou d’action entre ces deux types d’associations, c’est surtout l’incidence de l’expérience de la maladie sur l’identité parentale, et son issue (décès de l’enfant ou rémission) qui donnent du sens à l’engagement des parents. En documentant l’engagement associatif dans le domaine des cancers pédiatriques, cet article invite ainsi à s’intéresser davantage aux conséquences des recompositions des identités parentales dans les dynamiques associatives en lien avec la maladie.

Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1– 3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8–10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4–2.2% and that of low-quality litter by 0.9–1.5% in the temperate biome. Our results suggest that projected increases in N deposition may have the capacity to dampen the climate-driven increases in litter decomposition depending on the biome and decomposition stage of substrate.

Du 11 juin au 11 juillet 2021, la 16ème édition du Championnat d'Europe de football (« l’Euro de football ») donne l'occasion aux européens de vibrer pour le football et de retrouver le chemin des stades après la crise sanitaire qui a durement frappé le Vieux-Continent et imposé le report des grandes compétitions sportives. Comme toute grande compétition mettant en jeu des nations, l’Euro nous révèle la double réalité du football –et, de manière générale, du spectacle sportif- : d’une part le référent apparent ou la manifestation « réelle », c’est-à-dire la confrontation d’équipes européennes sur le stade qui s’accomplit dans un cadre réglementaire et ritualisé ; de l’autre, le référent caché ou la manifestation « symbolique », c’est-à-dire toutes les images et les imaginaires produits par le spectacle d’équipes représentant des nations européennes, mis en scène/diffusés/commentés par les médias et relayés par l’ensemble du corps social (Gasparini, 2017) . Cet événement sportif européen intéresse ainsi les sciences sociales parce qu’il constitue non seulement un « laboratoire du social » (Elias et Dunning, 1986) mais également un fait social européen où se donnent à voir -le temps de la compétition- des valeurs, des institutions et un espace européens.

Le Festival Enfance et Nature autour du développement durable, porté par l'Académie de la Petite Enfance et la Fondation Terra Symbiosis a eu lieu du 9 au 13 février sur Strasbourg et sur Mulhouse.

Au lendemain de la Grande Guerre, les responsables de l’Ecole militaire de Joinville relancent l’idée d’une méthode française d’Education Physique afin de répondre notamment à la campagne anti-française menée outre-Rhin. Cette volonté trouve une audience sans précédent au sein du ministère français des Affaires étrangères (MAE) qui, par l’intermédiaire d’une nouvelle institution, le Service des Œuvres Françaises à l’Etranger, décide de répondre à la francophobie allemande et plus particulièrement à la campagne opérée contre les manuels scolaires français. En publiant en 1925 le 1er tome d’une série de trois, l’Ecole de Joinville apporte ainsi une réponse originale aux préparatifs du Millénaire Rhénan qui doit être célébré cette même année, preuve s’il en est de la place accordée à l’enseignement de l’éducation physique dans la préservation de l’identité française.

In the Anthropocene, river networks are globally threatened by human activities, creating dramatic consequences for aquatic biodiversity. Permanent and temporary fragmentation by manmade structures and drying events, respectively, are both increasing in rivers worldwide. Although both of these fragmentation types can limit species dispersal, their individual and combined effects in shaping metacommunity dynamics at both local (site-level) and regional (network-level) scales have not been explored. Here, we examined whether processes structuring aquatic invertebrate metacommunities vary through time in response to flow variability in a river network affected by drying and severe fragmentation by manmade structures. We also compared the relative influences of permanent and temporary fragmentation on metacommunity dynamics and hypothesized that permanent fragmentation would be the primary determinant of metacommunity dynamics. We conducted an intensive sampling effort (30 sampling sites  6 dates) and measured 12 local environmental variables and 4 spatial distances to assess the relative importance of niche-and dispersal-based processes on benthic invertebrate metacommunities across hydrological phases. Spatial distances considered here were overland, network, and 2 fragmentation distances integrating the permanent fragmentation by manmade structures and temporary fragmentation by drying. We used Mantel tests to identify relationships between community dissimilarities and environmental and spatial distance matrices. We identified temporal variability in metacommunity processes with a predominant role of dispersal and no effect of niche-based processes. Metacommunities were shaped primarily by permanent fragmentation, whereas we detected no effect of fragmentation by network-scale drying. Dispersal-based metacommunity processes varied over time, following the wet-dry cycles that characterize dynamic river networks. Our results suggest the importance of key hydrological phases that should be incorporated into conservation perspectives. In addition, we highlight the need to quantify context dependency in metacommunity studies to optimize biodiversity conservation strategies in river-network ecosystems.

Few studies have addressed how the diversity of basal resources change with stream regulation and the potential consequences on river biota. We sampled invertebrates above and below a series of dams, over two years, at both downwelling and upwelling zones. In each zone, we recorded the daily temperature and flow variations, esti- mated the algal development, measured the available resources, and analysed carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions of the invertebrate community. The number of hydrological pulses were typically higher below the dams than above the dams especially during high-flow periods whereas the groundwater outlets had minor ef- fects on invertebrate assemblages. Invertebrate abundance, richness and diversity tended to decrease below the dams. Co-inertia analysis showed that flow and temperature variations, and eutrophication explained most of the variance in the invertebrate assemblages, which comprised a higher number of resilient taxa below than above the dams. The proportions of pesticide-sensitive invertebrates were lower below the dams and ovoviviparous and more generalist taxa were prominent. We did not observe the expected CPOM decrease and FPOM increase downstream. Accordingly, the proportions of each functional feeding group were remarkably similar above and below the dams despite the long distance between the sectors (>100 kms). The diversity of basal resources used within assemblages progressively increased downstream above dams. In contrast, the diversity of resources used by organisms below the dams decreased from upstream to downstream suggesting a significant influence of flow regulation on aquatic food webs. Finally, the shorter trophic chains for the invertebrate assemblages below the dams suggests that the effects of stream regulation and eutrophication induced a simplification of food webs. To our knowledge, this study is the first to connect taxonomic and functional trait changes in response to multiple stressors with the associated modifications in isotopic niches within aquatic invertebrate assemblages.

Identifying the isotopic signatures of vertical mobility and alpine meadows exploitation in the teeth of domesticated animals can be a key to understanding the subsistence strategies used by pastoral communities through history. Indeed, the oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic composition of sequentially sampled tooth enamel, used alone or in combination have been commonly employed to investigate altitudinal mobility and alpine exploitation. However, conflicting interpretations of the outcomes of these analyses exist, due in part to the paucity of modern reference datasets. In this study, we propose a new reference set, composed of GPS monitored sheep, goats and horses from the Mongolian Altai, to investigate the influence of vertical mobility and mean grazing altitude, on the C and O isotopic compositions of sequentially sampled tooth enamel and on the C isotopic composition of horse tail hair. We found that δ13C values were negatively correlated with the mean grazing altitude and time of residency of alpine meadows. Although no correlation was found between the average δ18O values of tooth enamel and mean grazing altitude, vertically mobile livestock had a higher intra-tooth range in δ18O values than vertically immobile livestock, possibly reflecting the ingestion of isotopically more diverse sources of water. Moreover, the coefficient of the correlation between δ13C and δ18O values of tooth enamel was - although weakly - negatively correlated with the standard deviation of the animal mean grazing altitude (i.e. reflecting the frequency of altitudinal mobility). These results confirm that δ13C and δ18O analyses of tooth enamel and tail hair can be used to infer animal mobility and land use in modern and ancient times.

The hard and soft tissue remains of a pre-Hispanic population of the Gran Canaria Island at six different archaeological localities were studied using C-14 dating and stable isotope compositions. Radiocarbon dating indicates island occupation ranging from the beginning of the 7th to the mid-14th century. We analyzed the oxygen isotope compositions of apatite phosphate bones of some pre-Hispanic individuals. The oxygen isotope compositions of meteoric water (delta O-18(w)) show a significant decrease from -2.1 +/- 1.5 to-4.4 +/- 1.2 parts per thousand (VSMOW) from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) to the Little Ice Age (LIA). This is interpreted to reflect a decrease in air temperature by about 5 +/- 3 degrees C. Archaeological data along with delta C-13, delta N-15 and delta S-34 values of soft tissue indicate that the pre-Hispanic population from Gran Canaria relied on agriculture throughout the 7th to mid-14th century. However, a significant contribution of seafood to the diet of the pre-Hispanic population is observed at archaeological sites located close to the shore. These results suggest cultural resilience in the pre-Hispanic population of Gran Canaria, reflected in the relative constancy of their diet in light of climate change.

Disturbances fundamentally alter ecosystem functions, yet predicting their impacts remains a key scientific challenge. While the study of disturbances is ubiquitous across many ecological disciplines, there is no agreed-upon, cross-disciplinary foundation for discussing or quantifying the complexity of disturbances, and no consistent terminology or methodologies exist. This inconsistency presents an increasingly urgent challenge due to accelerating global change and the threat of interacting disturbances that can destabilize ecosystem responses. By harvesting the expertise of an interdisciplinary cohort of contributors spanning 42 institutions across 15 countries, we identified an essential limitation in disturbance ecology: the word ‘disturbance’ is used interchangeably to refer to both the events that cause, and the consequences of, ecological change, despite fundamental distinctions between the two meanings. In response, we developed a generalizable framework of ecosystem disturbances, providing a well-defined lexicon for understanding disturbances across perspectives and scales. The framework results from ideas that resonate across multiple scientific disciplines and provides a baseline standard to compare disturbances across fields. This framework can be supplemented by discipline-specific variables to provide maximum benefit to both inter- and intra-disciplinary research. To support future syntheses and meta-analyses of disturbance research, we also encourage researchers to be explicit in how they define disturbance drivers and impacts, and we recommend minimum reporting standards that are applicable regardless of scale. Finally, we discuss the primary factors we considered when developing a baseline framework and propose four future directions to advance our interdisciplinary understanding of disturbances and their social-ecological impacts: integrating across ecological scales, understanding disturbance interactions, establishing baselines and trajectories, and developing process-based models and ecological forecasting initiatives. Our experience through this process motivates us to encourage the wider scientific community to continue to explore new approaches for leveraging Open Science principles in generating creative and multidisciplinary ideas.

Lentic ecosystems play a major role in the global carbon cycling but the understanding of the environmental determinants of lake metabolism is still limited, notably in small artificial lakes. Here the effects of environmental conditions on lake metabolism and CO2 and CH4 emissions were quantified in 11 small artificial gravel pit lakes covering a gradient of ecosystem maturity, ranging from young oligotrophic to older, hypereutrophic lakes. The diffusive fluxes of CO2 and CH4 ranged from −30.10 to 37.78 mmol m−2 d−1 and from 3.05 to 25.45 mmol m−2 d−1 across gravel pit lakes, respectively. Nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations were negatively correlated with CO2 concentrations and emissions but positively correlated with CH4 concentrations and emissions from lakes. These findings indicate that, as they mature, gravel pit lakes switch from heterotrophic to autotrophic-based metabolism and hence turn into CO2-sinks. In contrast, the emission of CH4 increased along the maturity gradient. As a result, eutrophication occurring during ecosystem maturity increased net emissions in terms of climate impact (CO2 equivalent) due to the higher contribution of CH4 emissions. Overall, mean CO2equivalent emission was 7.9 g m−2 d−1, a value 3.7 and 4.7 times higher than values previously reported in temperate lakes and reservoirs, respectively. While previous studies reported that lakes represent emitters of C to the atmosphere, this study highlights that eutrophication may reverse lake contribution to global C budgets. However, this finding is to be balanced with the fact that eutrophication also increased CH4 emissions and hence, enhanced the potential impact of these ecosystems on climate. Implementing mitigation strategies for maintaining intermediate levels of maturity is therefore needed to limit the impacts of small artificial waterbodies on climate. This could be facilitated by their small size and should be planned at the earliest stages of artificial lake construction.

Dans un contexte de lutte contre l’obésité, chaque individu est appelé à s’engager dans un style de vie sain. Notre recherche (www.apsapa.eu) s’est appliquée à comprendre les modes d’appropriation de ces injonctions normatives dans les milieux populaires urbains en Europe. À partir d’une comparaison de quatre programmes nationaux de promotion de la santé (France, Allemagne, Suisse, Italie), des entretiens collectifs avec des enfants (n=167) et des entretiens avec des parents (n=35) de six quartiers reconnus comme pauvres ont été effectués, puis traités par le logiciel MAXQDA. Dans cette contribution, nous présentons quatre « figures de mères » idéales-typiques mises en évidence par l’analyse et précisons les arbitrages éthiques réalisés. Mots-clefs : activité physique – santé – familles populaires – arbitrage éthique – comparaison européenne

L'article se fonde sur une enquête ethnographique menée à partir de trois études de cas. Il s’intéresse aux appuis qu'utilisent les adolescents obèses pour se rendre visibles ou invisibles. C'est le cas en Éducation physique où les attentes normatives sont intenables pour eux. Ces élèves aux caractéristiques atypiques amortissent la situation grâce à différentes formes de dégagement : spatio-relationnel, du ressenti et temporel. Ainsi, entre l’ajustement aux normes et le désengagement, se présente une troisième manière de se comporter, le dégagement. Ces formes de dégagement éclairent différemment l'activité physique comme objet de santé publique. En prenant le parti du sujet, l'étude offre un regard sur la pratique des adolescents obèses qui dépasse largement l'intérêt d'une seule dépense énergétique.

Stormwater infiltration systems (SIS) have been set up to collect and infiltrate urban stormwater runoff in order to reduce flooding and to artificially recharge aquifers. Such practices produce environmental changes in shallow groundwater ecosystems like an increase in organic matter concentrations that could drive changes in structure and functions of ground water microbial communities. Previous works suggested that SIS influence groundwater physico-chemistry during either rainy and dry period but no study has examined the impact of SIS on ground water microorganisms during both periods. This study aimed to fill this gap by assessing SIS impacts on groundwater quality parameters in three SIS with vadose zone thickness < 3 m during two contrasting meteorological conditions (rainy/dry periods). Physicochemical (dissolved organic carbon and nutrient concentrations) and microbial variables (biomass, dehydrogenase and hydrolytic activities, and bacterial community structure) were assessed on SIS-impacted and non-SIS-impacted zones of the aquifers for the three SIS. Using clay beads incubated in the aquifer to collect microbial biofilm, we show that SIS increased microbial activities, bacterial richness and diversity in groundwater biofilms during the rainy period but not during the dry period. In contrast, the significant differences in dissolved organic carbon and nutrient concentrations, biofilm biomass and bacterial community structures (Bray-Curtis distances, relative abundances of main bacterial orders) measured between SIS-impacted and non-SIS-impacted zones of the aquifer were comparable during the two periods. These results suggest that structural indicators of biofilm like biomass were probably controlled by long-term effects of SIS on concentrations of dissolved organic matter and nutrients whereas biofilm activities and bacterial richness were temporally stimulated by stormwater runoff infiltrations during the rainy period. This decoupling between the structural and functional responses of groundwater biofilms to stormwater infiltration practices suggests that biofilms functions were highly reactive to fluxes associated with aquifer recharge events.

Artificial basins are used to recharge groundwater by many municipalities to improve the sustainability of storm water management. Despite its increasing operational implementation, artificial recharge still raises numerous questions related to its impact on groundwater quality. In this paper, a 3D numerical model of MAR basin/ aquifer system was implemented in order to simulate the fate of water and pollutants. It was used to illustrate the complex distribution in time and space of a tracer contaminant injected in the basin. The model was based on a well instrumented storm water infiltration basin located in Chassieu (Lyon area, France). The well-known Richards model was used to simulate the water flow in the saturated and unsaturated zone of the study site. The transfer of solutes in the basin/aquifer system was modelled by the advection-dispersion-equation (ADE). The model was calibrated during a rain event using hydraulic head and electric conductivity data from a set of piezometers located around the basin. The flow model was validated on a one month period of basin operation presenting several rain events. The model was then used to simulate the fate of a solute pollutant considered as a tracer during a high intensity rain event. This simplified test case illustrated the mechanism of capillary trapping in the vadose zone and the effect of sampling point location on concentration measurements. Three main results were obtained: (1) capillary trapping promoted a retention of up to 20% of the injected tracer in the vadose zone, (2) 0 to 24% of the injected solute concentration could be recovered depending on the piezometer location, (3) the averaged concentration decreased by 50% if the measuring device is lowered by 5 m under the water table. These results were strongly site and event dependant but observed trends should be considered while discussing punctual water quality measurements used to monitor MAR systems. It also allowed to suggest some guidelines for sampling point positioning.

Recent studies suggest that climate change, with warmer water temperatures and lower and longer low flows, may enhance harmful planktic cyanobacterial growth in lakes and large rivers. Concomitantly, controlling nutrient load- ings has proven effective in reducing phytoplankton biomass especially in North America and Western Europe. In addition, the impact of invasive benthic filter-feeder species such as Corbicula on phytoplankton has largely been overlooked in large rivers, leading to even more uncertainty in predicting future trajectories in river water quality. To investigate how nutrient control, climate change and invasion of benthic filter-feeders may affect phytoplank- ton biomass and composition, we assembled a large database on the entire water course of the River Loire (France) over three decades (1991–2019). We focus on cyanobacteria to provide an in-depth analysis of the 30-year trend and insights on future possible trajectories. Since 1991, total phytoplankton and cyanobacteria bio- masses have decreased 10-fold despite warmer water temperature (+0.23 °C·decade−1) and lower summer flow (−0.25 L·s−1·km−2·decade−1). In the long-term, the contribution of planktic cyanobacteria to total bio- mass was on average 2.8%. The main factors driving total phytoplankton and cyanobacteria biomasses were total phosphorus (4-fold decrease), the abundance of Corbicula clams (from absence before 1998 to 250–1250 individuals·m−2 after 2010), the duration of summer low flows and the intensity of summer heatwaves. The River Loire constitutes an example in Europe of how nutrient control can be an efficient mitigation strategy, counteracting already visible effects of climate change on the thermal regime and flow pattern of the river. This may hold true under future conditions, but further work is needed to account for the climate trajectory, land and water use scenarios, the risk of enhanced benthic biofilm and macrophyte proliferation, together with the spread of invasive filter-feeding bivalves.

À partir de l’analyse des notes rédigées par le Service de Presse et d’Information de la Commission des communautés européennes de 1966 à 1985, l’article se propose de saisir les premiers usages européistes du sport dans le cadre d’une nouvelle politique de communication et d’un processus d’européanisation informelle. Pour comprendre comment émerge l’idée de « faire société européenne » par le sport, il convient de la replacer dans le contexte des transformations internes des Communautés européennes, des mutations du sport en Europe et de la politique de communication offensive de la Commission. Nous nous intéresserons également aux « entrepreneurs sportifs d’Europe » de la DG X et du Comité Adonnino pour « l’Europe des citoyens ».

Des campagnes d’incitation à « bouger plus » à la prescription médicale d’activité physique, les instruments d’une nouvelle action de « sport-santé » se développent progressivement en France pour prévenir les affections de longue durée. Dès lors, dans le cadre de l’éducation thérapeutique du patient, l’activité physique et sportive fait partie intégrante du traitement de nombreuses maladies chroniques. But de l’étude : Strasbourg a été la première ville française à expérimenter dès 2012 un tel dispositif financé et organisé par la collectivité et intitulé « Sport-santé sur ordonnance » (SSO). Cependant, la prescription par un médecin généraliste ne garantit ni la pratique effective ni l’engagement durable des patients dans une activité physique régulière. Résultats : À partir d’une enquête qualitative auprès de patients ayant intégré le dispositif SSO, l’article interroge le mode d’entrée dans le programme, les pratiques réelles, la signification de l’engagement ou du désengagement des bénéficiaires et/ou leur poursuite d’une pratique physique. L’article croise également la nature des pratiques, la durée de participation avec un certain nombre de facteurs sociaux. Conclusions : Associée à des conditions sociales précaires, la maladie chronique est un facteur de vulnérabilisation au regard de trajectoires individuelles qui éloignent les patients d'une pratique physique. Ainsi et paradoxalement, l'activité prescrite peut constituer une sorte de « ressource » pour accéder à une activité non prévue socialement. La pratique régulière d’une activité physique prescrite aux patients jusque-là non actifs peut constituer une bifurcation dans les parcours individuels de populations socialement défavorisées.

Riassunto Pratica popolare e transnazionale, il calcio è un “laboratorio” particolarmente interessante per studiare la costruzione di legami tra migranti e società dʼaccoglienza. In Francia, questo sport è presentato come un vettore di integrazione e di cittadinanza per i giovani provenienti da un contesto migratorio. A partire da una contestualizzazione che permette di cogliere lʼambivalenza e le forme dʼintegrazione degli immigrati attraverso lo sport in Francia, lʼarticolo propone di indagare la pratica sportiva dei calciatori originari del Maghreb e della Turchia in Alsazia, regione del Nord-Est della Francia. Analizzeremo in modo particolare la pratica del calcio dilettantistico dei migranti turchi (prima comunità di immigrati in Alsazia) per determinare se questa popolazione si raggrupa o meno in base allʼorigine. L'articolo si basa su una sintesi dei lavori dell'autore e sugli esiti di un'indagine incrociando approcci qualitativo e quantitativo. Abstract As a popular and transnational sport, football is a ʽlaboratory' of special interest to investigate the link between migrants and host communities. In France, this sport is presented as a vehicle for integration and citizenship to benefit young people from migrant backgrounds. This empirical study allows an understanding of the ambivalence and the forms of integration of immigrants through sport in France. It explores the practice of sport by football players of North African and Turkish origins in Alsace, a region in the north-east of France. This article investigates more specifically Turkish migrants (first migrant community in Alsace) in order to assess whether people from this population group together by origin or not in the practice of amateur football. We use the results of a survey combining qualitative and quantitative approaches and a synthesis of the author's research.

Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment, with high concentrations being detected now also in river corridors and sediments globally. Whilst there has been increasing field evidence of microplastics accumulation in the guts and tissues of freshwater and marine aquatic species, the uptake mechanisms of microplastics into freshwater food webs, and the physical and geological controls on pathway-specific exposures to microplastics, are not well understood. This knowledge gap is hampering the assessment of exposure risks, and potential ecotoxicological and public health impacts from microplastics. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of key research challenges in analysing the envi- ronmental fate and transport of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems, including the identification of hydrological, sedimentological and particle property controls on microplastic accumulation in aquatic ecosystems. This mechanistic analysis outlines the dominant pathways for exposure to microplastics in freshwater ecosystems and identifies potentially critical uptake mechanisms and entry pathways for microplastics and associated contaminants into aquatic food webs as well as their risk to accumulate and biomagnify. We identify seven key research challenges that, if overcome, will permit the advancement beyond current conceptual limitations and provide the mechanistic process understanding required to assess microplastic exposure, uptake, hazard, and overall risk to aquatic systems and humans, and provide key insights into the priority impact pathways in freshwater ecosystems to support environmental man- agement decision making.

River-groundwater exchanges are crucial for several ecological processes, but diffi- cult to localize. Hyporheic oligochaetes may represent efficient biological indicators of these exchanges, but hydrological disturbance may alter oligochaete distribution and blur the spatial patterns of river-groundwater exchanges. Oligochaete assem- blages were compared in the Drôme River, which is a semi-natural braided river with an unmodified discharge, and the Ain River, which has reduced sediment mobility and hydropeaking due to several upstream dams. In the semi-natural river, the oligo- chaete distribution was mostly controlled by the origin of the water: some stygoxene species (e.g., Chaetogaster spp. and Vejdovskyella intermedia) were restricted to or more abundant in downwellings, whereas a set of stygophiles (e.g., Stylodrilus sp. and Cernovitoviella sp.) and stygobites (e.g., Aberrantidrilus cuspis) were present or more abundant only in upwellings. Species living in fine sediment (e.g., Potamothrix sp. and Tubifex sp.) also occurred in upwellings due to their location at the border of the braided strip. Conversely, in the regulated river, oligochaete assemblages were abun- dant and diversified, with species living in fine sediment being dominant in the par- tially clogged stations. The spatial distribution of most species did not follow typical surface-hyporheic exchange patterns: most stygophiles (e.g., Proppapus volki and Mar- ionina argentea) and some stygobites (e.g., Haber turquini) were found in both upwell- ings and downwellings or even at stations without water exchanges (e.g., Rhyacodrilus balmensis). In rivers subjected to hydrological disturbance and hydropeaking, oligochaetes became poor indicators of river-groundwater exchanges.

Aim: Estimate the current and future distribution of brown trout and identify priority areas for conservation of the species. Location: Rhône River basin and Mediterranean streams. Methods: We first developed a spatially explicit species distribution model to es- timate the current and future distribution of brown trout for three time horizons (2030, 2055 and 2080) and two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). We then performed a prioritization analysis to identify priority areas for brown trout conservation, accounting for: (a) spatial dependencies along the riverine system, (b) several sources of uncertainty arising from climate-related forecasts and (c) different protected area scenarios by comparing hypothetical, optimal protected networks to an actual protected network designed by regional fish experts. Results: Future projections of brown trout densities exhibited a general trend to- wards a gradual range contraction, with a significant risk of extirpation across moun- tainous regions of low to mid-elevation. Overall, the projected current and future distributions were well-covered by the existing protected network. In addition, up to 70% of the river reaches included in this expert-based protection network were also priorities in the optimal priority set (e.g. the best set of areas to maximize biodiversity protection). Finally, a large proportion of these reaches were invariably identified re- gardless of climate change scenarios and uncertainties or spatial dependencies. Main conclusions: Our analytical approach highlighted priority areas for brown trout conservation which were robust to a set of climate and connectivity assumptions. This core priority network could be further refined by taking into account key fine- scale processes like thermal refugia. Therefore, we advocate for combining computa- tional and expert-based approaches in conservation planning of riverine ecosystems to achieve a relevant consensus between regional-scale management and fine-grain ecological knowledge.

Intensive agriculture uses increasingly large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers to increase yields because nitrogen is one of the limiting factor of plant growth. Plants are in direct competition with denitrifying bacteria for nitrate, but biological denitrification inhibition (BDI) is a strategy developed by some plants in which procyanidins are produced that inhibit denitrification. This phenomenon increases the available nitrate in the soil. Previous results showed that the addition of procyanidins to lettuce fields allowed effective BDI and increased soil nitrate and plant growth. However, agriculture is performed in different soils, and the action of procyanidins could depend on the type of soil. In this study, we tested the effect of procyanidin amendment on lettuce growth in two types of soils: loamy sand and sandy clay loam. Our results show that in both soils, the addition of procyanidins causes inhibition of denitrification, an increase in available nitrate, counter-selection of denitrification communities and a gain in plant mass without modification of the soil structure. This study highlights a sustainable agricultural method effective in a variety of soils.

We investigated the environmental conditions that prevailed in continental ecosystems recorded in sedimentary deposits of Japan during the Cretaceous through the analysis of oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of phosphate (δ 18 O p) and apatite-bound carbonate (δ 18 O c and δ 13 C c) of vertebrate teeth and bones. Local surface water δ 18 O w values were calculated using known phosphate-water isotope fractionation equations. Anomalously low δ 18 O w values of local waters strongly suggest a significant contribution of high-altitude precipitation from nearby mountains to local surface waters. Mean air temperatures were estimated using a global meteoric water δ 18 O mw value-Mean Annual Air Temperature relationship, and compared to surface water temperatures estimated from fish apatite δ 18 O p values. Local mean annual precipitations (MAP) were estimated using the known relationship existing between MAP and C 3 plant δ 13 C p value, the latter being calculated using apatite-diet 13 C-enrichment applied to plant-eating sauropod and ornithopod dinosaur δ 13 C c values. Reconstructed environmental conditions suggest that climate changed from cool temperate to warm temperate, being relatively cold and dry during the Late Hauterivian and Barremian to warmer and seasonally more humid during the Aptian and Albian, and even warmer during the Cenomanian-Coniacian. Proposed thermal evolution during the Early Cretaceous is compatible with the absence of thermophilic taxa such as crocodylomorphs before the Aptian in the fossil record of Japan.

RÉSUMÉ Au cœur de la France des années 1970 marquée par une vague de bouleversements idéologiques et culturels, l’expression corporelle constitue une expérience novatrice et unique en Education Physique et Sportive (EPS) face à l’hégémonie du sport en EPS. Par son approche dérégulée, personnelle et émancipatrice, l’expression corporelle marque une rupture dans la gestion du corps des enfants scolarisés. Par son intermédiaire, les élèves ont ainsi accès à de nouvelles pratiques sollicitant le sensible et l’expressif. Cette conception de l’EPS bouleverse en outre la représentation de l’identité masculine de cette époque. Dominant, courageux, autoritaire et principalement reproduit par l’enseignement du sport, l’idéal masculin se trouve alors redéfini et remis en question. En dénonçant le caractère reproductif et inégalitaire du sport, les promoteurs de l’expression corporelle masculine visent non seulement à désacraliser le modèle patriarcal mais recherchent aussi l’émergence d’un nouvel idéal masculin, tourné vers plus d’émancipation et d’épanouissement. Au demeurant, les auteurs constatent l’émergence de nouvelles masculinités qu’ils qualifient de subordonnées voire marginalisées, et qui trouvent dans l’enseignement de l’expression corporelle un terrain inédit de prédilection. L’analyse exhaustive des revues professionnelles (Cahiers du GREC, Revue Esprit, Revue EP.S) et les entretiens de divers acteurs de l’expression corporelle (notamment JB. Bonange) permettent de mettre en évidence une prédominance des rapports sociaux de classe sur les rapports sociaux de genre, dans la mesure où l’expression corporelle émerge essentiellement en France dans les milieux favorisés tels que les universités, et ne parvient pas à se diffuser dans les milieux populaires, lieux de résistances d’une masculinité hégémonique traditionnelle.

Des travaux de restauration du chenal central du Haut-Rhône français à l'aval des barrages de Lavours et Champagneux ont été entrepris en 2005-2006 et ont consisté à augmenter les débits réservés. Les effets de cette opération ont été évalués en étudiant en aval des barrages la structure des communautés de macroinvertébrés (insectes en particulier), d'oligochètes (annélides) et de poissons avant (en 2002/2003) et après (en 2008/2009) sa mise en œuvre. Nous reportons ici les résultats obtenus sur les communautés d'oligochètes. Les oligochètes ont été prélevés au niveau des sédiments grossiers superficiels et la structure des communautés a été étudiée en appliquant la méthode des traits fonctionnels. Cette méthode permet d'évaluer simultanément la dynamique des échanges hydrologiques entre les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface et les effets des polluants présents dans le milieu et apporte ainsi des informations sur l'état de fonctionnement du cours d'eau. La dynamique des échanges hydrologiques verticaux devrait être prise en considération, entre autres car des alternances exfiltrations/infiltrations favorisent l'autoépuration du cours d'eau et des excès d'infiltrations rendent les eaux souterraines vulnérables aux pollutions des eaux de surface. A l'aval des deux barrages, il a été observé post-restauration (par rapport à l'état pré-restauration) une diminution des pourcentages de taxons indicateurs de la présence d'exfiltrations de la nappe et une élévation des pourcentages de taxons moyennement résistants et résistants aux pollutions. Ces résultats peuvent être expliqués par une qualité chimique de l'eau insuffisante et l'activité des barrages favorisant les dynamiques d'infiltration des eaux de surface. Ils montrent que dans le cas des sites étudiés, une augmentation des débits réservés a été insuffisante pour améliorer le fonctionnement du milieu et que cette opération de restauration devrait s'accompagner de mesures diverses visant à améliorer la qualité des eaux de surface et à favoriser les exfiltrations des eaux souterraines.

This paper examines the current feud between the two main actors of professional basketball in Europe – FIBA Europe and Euroleague Basketball – from a socio-historical perspective. It aims to delineate the diplomatic negotiations and organizational shifts in European sport competitions in relation to the growing influence of US basketball during the Cold War. Through an analysis of official reports and the press, as well as interviews with members of the European Parliament, this paper shows that basketball has acted as an informal sporting corollary to the 1957 Treaty of Rome, promoting the European community by way of a meritocratic system of sports competitions between teams or nations. The rivalry under study shows that the hegemonic post-Cold War US market-based model has challenged the ideas behind a “European model of sports”, ultimately putting the recent legislatures in a quandary about the initial consensus behind European integration.

S’appuyant sur une enquête quantitative et sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec des diplômé.e.s en sciences du sport (2010 à 2014) possédant un niveau de qualification bac+2 à bac+5, la recherche se focalise sur les liens entre parcours de formation, insertion professionnelle et emploi occupé. Le parcours de formation et ses variations, d’un point de vue objectif et subjectif, sont questionnés comme élément clé de l’insertion professionnelle des diplômé.e.s, et en particulier de l’accès au premier emploi. Notre recherche met en évidence des situations d’emploi contrastées selon les niveaux de diplôme et les spécialités de formation, mais aussi « bricolées », du fait de parcours de formation rarement linéaires mêlant diplômes et expériences de préprofessionnalisation.

The Roman Warm Period (from ≈300 BCE to ≈300 CE) is a climatic optimum, which had a key role in the development of the Roman civilization. This study provides new Mean Air Temperatures (MATs) inferred from the oxygen isotope composition of 80 bones and teeth apatite from 8 humans and 8 animals of the Gallic site of Th ́ezy-Glimont, Picardie, France, dated between the 3rd and 2nd century BCE. Various bones from the cephalic, axial and appendicular skeleton of three human individuals were sampled. All bones have similar phosphate δ18O values for each individual, showing that the oxygen isotope signal of phosphate groups may be homogeneously recorded in bones. The sampled individuals were assumed to drink water from the nearby Avre river collecting local meteoric waters. The MATs were reconstructed combining (1) oxygen isotope fractionation equations be- tween phosphatic tissues (δ18Op) and drinking water (δ18Ow), and (2) relationships between MATs and δ18Ow. Depending on the used MAT-δ18Ow relationship, the reconstructed MATs are 10.2 ◦C ± 1.4 ◦C and 10.5 ◦C ± 1.7 ◦C, which are comparable to present days (10.9 ◦C). This study shows that the Gallic civilization also experienced relatively high temperatures since the initiation of the Roman Warm Period.

1. Dispersal, defined as the movement of individuals among local communities in a landscape, is a central regional determinant of metacommunity dynamics in ecosystems. Whereas both natural and anthropogenic ecosystem fragmentations can limit dispersal, previous attempts to measure such limitations have faced considerable context dependency, due to a combination of spatial extent and associated environmental variability, the wide range of dispersal modes, and abilities of organisms or variation in network topologies. Therefore, the role dispersal plays compared to local environmental filtering in explaining metacommunity dynamics remains unclear in fragmented dendritic ecosystems. 2. We quantified alpha- and beta-diversity components of invertebrate metacommunities across 10 fragmented headwater stream networks and tested the hypothesis that dispersal is the primary determinant of biodiversity organisation in these dynamic and spatially constrained ecosystems. 3. Alpha-diversity was much lower in intermittent than perennial reaches, even long after rewetting, indicating an overwhelming effect of drying including a legacy effect on local communities. 4. Beta-diversity was never correlated with environmental distances but predominantly explained by spatial distances accounting for river network fragmentation. The nestedness proportion of beta-diversity was considerable and reflected compositional differences where communities from intermittent reaches were subsets of perennial reaches. 5. Altogether, these results indicate dispersal as the primary process shaping metacommunity dynamics in these 10 headwater stream networks, where local communities recurrently undergo extinction and recolonisation events. This challenges previous conceptual views that local environment filtering is the main driver of headwater stream metacommunities. 6. As river networks become increasingly fragmented due to global change, our results suggest that some freshwater ecosystems currently driven by local environment filtering could gradually become dispersal-limited. In this perspective, shifts from perennial to intermittent flow regimes represent ecological thresholds that should not be crossed to avoid jeopardising river biodiversity, functional integrity, and the ecosystem services they provide to society.

Millions of mummified birds serving for religious purpose have been discovered from archeological sites along the Nile Valley of Egypt, in majority ibises. Whether these birds were industrially raised or massively hunted is a matter of heavy debate as it would have a significant impact on the economy related to their supply and cult, and if hunted it would have represented an ecological burden on the birds populations. Here we have measured and analysed the stable oxygen, carbon and radiogenic strontium isotope compositions as well as calcium and barium content of bones along with the stable carbon, nitrogen and sulfur isotope composition of feathers from 20 mummified ibises and birds of prey recovered from various archeological sites of Ancient Egypt. If these migratory birds were locally bred, their stable oxygen, radiogenic strontium and stable sulfur isotopic compositions would be similar to that of coexisting Egyptians, and their stable carbon, nitrogen and oxygen isotope variance would be close, or lower than that of Egyptians. On one hand, isotopic values show that ibises ingested food from the Nile valley but with a higher isotopic scattering than observed for the diet of ancient Egyptians. On the other hand, birds of prey have exotic isotopic values compatible with their migratory behaviour. We therefore propose that most mummified ibises and all the birds of prey analysed here were wild animals hunted for religious practice. A most significant feature of Egyptian religion was that most revered gods had the form of animals 1,2. A common practice was the mummification of dead people, since the Old Kingdom (ca. 2,543-2,120 BC) until the fourth century AD, in order to preserve the body from decaying after death and reach the afterlife. From the New Kingdom (c.a. 1,539-1,077), and more particularly from the Late Period (ca. 722-332 BC) the animals have been also widely mummified, and that for four main purposes: victual mummies as food for the afterlife, sacred mummies to preserve the remains of a living incarnation of a god, pet mummies to provide an afterlife to beloved pets, and votive mummies as offerings to the gods. The widespread use of votive mummies to pray the gods Horus (depicted as a falcon) and Thoth (depicted as an ibis) led to the production of millions of bird mummies, as evidenced by archaeological discoveries from at least 38 catacombs across the Nile Valley 3. Such production of bird mummies, which can be considered as intensive, raised the question whether these birds were farmed, thus leading to a significant impact on the economy related to their supply, or hunted with an obvious impact on the birds populations dynamics. It has been speculated that ibises were extensively farmed 4 , a view supported by contemporaneous reports of such practices 5,6. Moreover, finds of mummified ibises at all stages of development, from egg to juvenile to adult, support this suggestion. Ancient Egyptian textual references to « birth chapels » of ibises 7 have also raised the question of artificial incubation of eggs for breeding purposes 8,9 , open

Variability in greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs creates uncertainty in global estimates of C emissions from reservoirs. This study examines the temporal and spatial variability in CO2 and CH4 surface water concentrations and diffusive fluxes from an Amazonian reservoir using an original data set combining both a high temporal (1 central site × 22 years) and spatial (44 sites × 1 season) resolution monitoring. The gas concentrations at the central site decreased over time and suggested reduced bioavailability of C in the initial flooded soil but exhibited strong seasonal variation. Not accounting for this variability may result in uncertainties in estimates of annual concentrations (ranging from −68.9% to +260% for CH4 and from −71.5% to +156% for CO2) and thus in estimates of diffusive gas emissions. Gas concentrations and diffusive fluxes exhibited high spatial variability in the reservoir, 24 years after impoundment. In particular, diffusive fluxes were higher in littoral and transitional areas than in open areas, suggesting a large contribution of allochthonous C to current gaseous emissions. Not accounting for this spatial variability in diffusive fluxes may underestimate the total emissions expressed in CO2 equivalents from the whole reservoir by 50.7%. Our study stresses the importance of well‐resolved temporal and spatial monitoring to provide reliable estimated of C emissions and a comprehensive understanding of the processes involved; both of these inputs are needed to support decision‐making for developing energy strategies.

Depuis les années 2000 en France, de nombreuses actions de prévention de l’obésité ont été développées et mises en œuvre à différentes échelles territoriales. Elles encouragent la modification des pratiques sur les plans alimentaire et physique, et s’adressent à différents publics, adultes ou enfants, par la diffusion de normes corporelles légitimes. En matière d’activité physique, des seuils de durée et d’intensité de pratique hebdomadaire sont recommandés. Mais comment la participation à de telles actions préventives est-elle vécue par les bénéficiaires ? Grâce à une enquête qualitative auprès d’une dizaine d’étudiants, cet article interroge la réception sociale des pratiques physiques proposées dans le cadre d’un programme de sport-santé. Les résultats mettent en évidence différentes formes de réception, illustrées par les portraits de quatre étudiantes, tenant compte des socialisations sportives antérieures, des pratiques effectives, de leur évolution et du sens que les étudiantes leur attribuent. La participation apparaît comme une ressource variable – physique, subjective, transitionnelle ou de consolidation – selon les formes de réception observées.

Certaines salles de sports dans les banlieues sont-elles devenues des lieux de l’entre-soi et un éventuel ferment de l’islamisme ? Une forme d’emprise prosélyte s’exerce-t-elle en direction des jeunes de confession musulmane qui fréquentent certains lieux de pratique sportive ? A ce jour, au-delà de travaux sur les regroupements sportifs communautaires, aucune étude sociologique sérieuse n’analyse la place du religieux dans le sport, tant de haut niveau qu’amateur, ni à plus forte raison le processus de basculement dans le cadre sportif de jeunes de culture musulmane vers la radicalisation islamiste violente.L'article propose d'interroger l'émergence des « entrepreneurs d’ethnicité » qui investissent le sport dans les quartiers défavorisés et visent à transformer les jeunes sportifs français de confession musulmane en « sportifs musulmans ». Depuis les années 2000, les jeunes sportifs amateurs issus de l’immigration maghrébine ou africaine deviennent la cible des prédicateurs salafistes puis, à partir des années 2010 des djihadistes et de leurs recruteurs parce que le sport – comme l’école – participe de l’intégration des jeunes Français issus de l’immigration et de confession musulmane et pose les bases de leur émancipation citoyenne.

Certaines salles de sports dans les banlieues sont-elles devenues des lieux de l’entre-soi et un éventuel ferment de l’islamisme ? Une forme d’emprise prosélyte s’exerce-t-elle en direction des jeunes de confession musulmane qui fréquentent certains lieux de pratique sportive ? Ce n’est pas la première fois que le milieu sportif est pointé du doigt par des rapports ou des notes des renseignements généraux alertant sur les dérives communautaires ou la radicalisation dans le sport. Mais, à ce jour, aucune étude sociologique sérieuse n’analyse la place du religieux dans le sport, tant de haut niveau qu’amateur, ni à plus forte raison le processus de basculement dans le cadre sportif de jeunes de culture musulmane vers la radicalisation islamiste violente. Pourtant, plusieurs exemples montrent que dans certaines banlieues, le sport devient l’un des moyens d’entrer en contact avec des mineurs de confession musulmane issus de l’immigration. D’autant que dans leur propagande, les djihadistes (depuis les terrains de guerre) soulignent que l’activité physique permet non seulement de forger un capital corporel utile pour les combats futurs, mais également de souder l’engagement des « frères » dans la croyance. L’exemple des dix Strasbourgeois originaires du quartier de La Meinau partis en Syrie pour rejoindre les rangs de l’État islamique en 2013 est à ce titre éclairant. L’analyse de leurs parcours adolescents montre qu’ils ont tous pratiqué un sport valorisant l’entre-soi masculin, la puissance physique et la virilité (musculation, football, boxe, préparation physique).

Location of river-groundwater exchange zones and biodiversity hotspot is essential for a river management plan, especially for Mediterranean karstic rivers. This location is often difficult and time-consuming when long river sectors are considered. We studied a 13 km-long sector of the Cèze River (Southern France) located in a karstic canyon.We compared five indicators of river-groundwater exchanges: longitudinal profiles of temperature, electrical conductivity and 222Rn concentrations in the surface water of the river, chemical characteristics of the hyporheic water and hyporheic biodiversity. Upwelling zones occurred downstream of geomorphological heterogeneities (here at the tail of gravel bars). Surface water chemistry, especially electrical conductivity and 222Rn concentrations, clearly traces large scale gaining sections, which were not associated to valley narrowing but with lateral springs, suggesting a crucial role of the geological structuration of the karstic plateau of Méjanne-le-Clap. Hyporheic water chemistry fits with the large-scale hydrological pattern, but with a high variability corresponding to local heterogeneities. The stygobite fauna (obligate groundwater organisms) and benthic EPTC (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera) occurred preferentially in the gaining sections fed by groundwater, likely because of oligotrophicwater and cooler temperature. The spatial distribution of river-groundwater exchange zone and hyporheic biodiversity may be thus predicted using changes in surface water chemistry, especially for electrical conductivity and 222Rn concentrations.

Please cite this article as: K. Rey, M.O. Day, R. Amiot, et al., Stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) give new perspective on the ecology and diet of Endothiodon bathystoma (Therapsida, Dicynodontia) from the late Permian of the South African Karoo Basin, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2020), https://doi.

For the first time, we present a decadal-scale stable isotope record (δ 18 O, δ 13 C) of 67 speleothem calcite samples coming from an artificial tunnel network located in Graz, Austria. Stable isotope data are interpreted with the help of time series (TS) analysis of mean air temperatures (MAT) and mean annual precipitations (MAP) that have been monitored and recorded in a neighbouring meteorological station. Speleothem records have proved to be very useful in reconstructing changes of environmental conditions. For studied stalagmites, which grew between 1945 and 2018, the δ 18 O values average −18.64‰ and range from −23‰ to −17‰ (VPDB, Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite), suggesting variable climatic conditions. The δ 18 O values of calcite increase along the growth axis and are correlated with high temporal resolution MAT, MAP and weighted mean annual δ 18 O of precipitations. For the same time interval, while the temperature TS show an increasing trend, with a steeper gradient since the 1980s, the precipitation TS presents a weak decreasing tendency. Increase in the δ 13 C values of speleothems from −33‰ to −24‰ (VPDB) is correlated with increasing temperature and drought, associated CO 2 degassing and soil erosion over the tunnel system.

La crise du Covid-19 a mis en lumière la place des activités physiques dans le quotidien des français. Un consensus semble ressortir autour de leurs impacts positifs sur la santé. Ne dissimule-t-il pas des enjeux moraux en étant relié une vie bonne ?

Les constats sur l'inactivité physique sont alarmants et questionnent les acteurs de l'EPS depuis de nombreuses années. La notion de littératie physique, adoptée récemment par l'UNESCO, pose un concept concret et fédérateur pour les acteurs de l'EPS, de l'activité physique et du sport.

The effects of invasive species at the ecosystem level remain an important component required to assess their impacts. Here, we conducted an experimental study with labeled nitrogen in two types of soil (low and high nitrate conditions), investigating the effects of (1) the presence of Fallopia x bohemica on the traits of three native species (Humulus lupulus, Sambucus ebulus, and Urtica dioica) and (2) interspecific competition (monoculture of the invasive species, monoculture of the native species, and a mixture of invasive/native species) on nitrification, denitrification, and related microbial communities (i.e., functional gene abundances). We found that the species with the higher nitrate assimilation rate (U. dioica) was affected differently by the invasive species, with no effect or even an increase in aboveground biomass and number of leaves. F. x bohemica also decreased denitrification, but only in the soil with high nitrate concentrations. The impacts of the invasive species on nitrification and soil microorganisms depended on the native species and the soil type, suggesting that competition for nitrogen between plants and between plants and microorganisms is highly dependent on species traits and environmental conditions. This research highlights that studies looking at the impacts of invasive species on ecosystems should consider the plant–soil–microorganism complex as a whole.

Members of the bacterial genus Azospirillum are root-associated bacteria that increase yield in cereals by promoting growth and alleviating drought stress. How plants integrate the many bacterium-derived growth-promoting stimuli with other environmental factors to generate a coordinated response remains unresolved. Using a commercial Azospirillum strain, A. lipoferum CRT1 and two host maize cultivars, it was observed that bacterization reduced the drought-induced increase in lateral root growth and enhanced the flood-induced increase in lateral root growth in the more drought- and flood-sensitive cultivar. In the other one, A. lipoferum CRT1 only elicited a moderate root growth response under low soil water potential. The photosynthetic potential and activity were increased in the earlier cultivar and decreased in the later one, irrespective of the soil water content. No impact of the bacterium was seen on the growth of the leaves of both cultivars under both stresses until the third leaf stage, therefore suggesting that it is a consequence of multiple primary adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that host-bacteria recognition leads to a stress-specific modulation of the root response and a differential stress-independent effect on photosynthesis. This is the first report of the impact of Azospirillum under flood conditions.

This study aimed to assess which combination of subjective and empirical data might help to identify the expertise level. A group of 10 expert coaches classified 40 participants in 5 different expertise groups based on the video footage of the rallies. The expertise levels were determined using a typology based on a continuum of 5 conative stages: (1) structural, (2) functional, (3) technical, (4) contextual, and (5) expertise. The video allowed empirical measurement of the duration of the rallies, and tri-axial accelerometers measured the intensity of the player’s involvement. A principal component analysis showed that two dimensions explained 54.9% of the total variance in the data and that conative stage and empirical parameters during rallies (duration, intensity of the game) were correlated with axis 1, whereas duration and acceleration data between rallies were correlated with axis 2. A random forest algorithm showed that among the parameters considered, acceleration, duration of the rallies, and time between rallies could predict conative stages with a prediction accuracy above possibility. This study suggests that performance analysis benefits from the confrontation of subjective and objective data in order to design training plans according to the expertise level of the participants.

L’étude de la faune aquatique vivant dans les systèmes karstiques proches des gorges de la Cèze a été menée dans deux habitats (6 cavités et 4 sources) en complément de celle de la faune hyporhéique de la rivière (faune vivant dans les interstices des sédiments du lit). La faune du karst s’est révélée peu diversifiée, mais sans doute sous-évaluée. Sa distribution spatiale est fortement hétérogène, aussi bien entre cavités qu’entre habitats (cavités versus sources) ou entre micro-habitats au sein d’une même cavité. À l’échelle du micro-habitat, les zones riches en argile sont les plus peuplées, sans doute parce que l’argile représente à la fois un lieu de vie pour les organismes fouisseurs et une ressource alimentaire. Les échanges faunistiques entre les cavités et les sources sont faibles et seules quelques espèces karstiques dérivent vers le milieu hyporhéique de la rivière. Ces dernières peuvent nous renseigner sur l’origine de l’eau interstitielle et ainsi guider certains choix de gestion.

Abstract 1. Trophic selectivity has major influences on consumers’ fitness, stability of predator and prey populations, and nutrient fluxes in food webs. Trophic selectivity occurs when the relative abundances of resources in a consumer's diet differ from their relative abundances in the environment. This discrepancy between resources abun- dance and use has been predicted to increase with the availability of resources in the environment. Trophic selectivity has also been predicted to increase with the heterogeneity of resources quality in the environment. Despite their ecological and evolutionary implications, conclusive in situ tests of these predictions are still lacking. 2. We challenged these two predictions by studying 15 closely related species of isopods distributed along a wide range of resource availability (RA) (from 1.3 to 57.6 g of organic carbon per m2). The dataset ranged from deep cave systems, considered as some of the most resource-limited environments on Earth, to highly productive surface streams. 3. Foreachspecies,wequantifiedtherelativeabundanceofallavailableresourcesinthe environment and estimated the heterogeneity in the stoichiometric quality of these resources. Isopod diet was determined using C and N stable isotopes and a Bayesian mixing model. The degree of trophic selectivity was then calculated for each species. 4. By coupling a standardized quantification of trophic resources with a fine deter- mination of diets using stable isotopes, we uncovered a positive relationship be- tween RA and trophic selectivity. In contrast to our second prediction, trophic selectivity did not correlate with the heterogeneity of resources quality. 5. Our results have important implications in trophic ecology by highlighting that RA was a main driver of trophic choices in aquatic invertebrates across a broad range of environments. These findings call for further evaluation of the mechanisms (e.g. trophic competition) causing the positive relationship between trophic selec- tivity and RA, as these mechanisms could be closely linked to those generating the documented relationship between species richness and productive energy.

Nelson Paillou can be considered a major sports leader of the second half of 20th century France. He was president of the French Handball Federation from 1964 to 1982, vice-president and eventually president of the French National Olympic and Sports Committee (CNOSF) from 1971 to 1993, and a key person in the foundation of the French association for violence free sport and fair-play. Based on printed sources and on personal as well as on institutional archives, this article questions the role Paillou played in the development of French sport. First, Paillou worked to introduce and disseminate handball in France, and he developed a policy to bring masses of people to get to learn and play handball across the country. As such, he targeted the French youth and founded a national executive for handball technique in order to structure the supervision of players of all levels, from the initiation up to the elite level. Second, Nelson Paillou also contributed to the acknowledgment and the visibility of handball in France and at European and international level. He developed a significant communication policy and assured a remarkable presence at all handball events in order to reinforce his choices in terms of management and diffusion of the game. Finally, it appears that during the second half of the 20th century, Paillou who strongly supported the ideals of Pierre de Coubertin, showed up as a promotor of humanist values in sport and in handball. His position against sponsors and some kind of professionalism was overcome with difficulties but it was necessary to open French handball to the international field. Paillou presents himself as an ambiguous French sports leader who sometimes took contradictory decisions. However, Paillou’s resolutions reflect the choices of an opportunistic leader in front of the transformation of sport in a period marked by the arrival of show business and professionalism.

The Abrahamskraal Formation of South Africa has a diverse middle Permian (Guadalupian) fossil tetrapod fauna comprising largely basal therapsids and pareiasaurian parareptiles. Knowledge on the paleoecology of these animals is limited because inferences of many ecological traits in mid-Permian tetrapods are based on deductions from morphology. While it is widely accepted that the rhinesuchid amphibians were aquatic, the ecological lifestyle of pareiasaurs and dinocephalian therapsids remains uncertain. To investigate the ecological roles of different middle Permian tetrapod taxa we studied stable oxygen isotope compositions of phosphate from teeth and bones as a proxy for water dependence. Our results reveal similar delta O-18(p) values for pareiasaurs, the dinocephalian Anteosaurus, and therocephalians, with a range of values similar to those of extant terrestrial species. The consistent delta O-18(p) values for pareiasaurs strengthen our interpretation of a terrestrial lifestyle for these parareptiles, but the lower Anteosaurus delta O-18(p) values might question the interpretation and a larger sample size may result in a more conclusive outcome. These results conclude the debate on the ecology of middle Permian pareiasaurs. A terrestrial lifestyle is applicable only to the middle Permian species and a different lifestyle is possible for pareiasaurs species that lived after the end Capitanian extinction.

Résumé Entre 1880 et 1914, les initiatives des acteurs français de l’éducation physique et des sports se multiplient pour permettre à la France de recouvrer une stabilité géopolitique. Paschal Grousset est l’un des Français les plus actifs pour inscrire ses propositions dans un débat national et international. S’inspirant des systèmes étrangers d’éducation physique, il concourt à la prise de conscience, en France, de l’exercice physique et de la participation de l’éducation physique à la sacralisation de l’identité nationale française. Une rivalité l’oppose à ses contemporains dont certains promeuvent l’exemplarité scandinave, anglaise ou germanique. Alors qu’il encense les propositions britanniques et qu’il critique ouvertement le modèle allemand en matière d’éducation corporelle, P. Grousset illustre à travers ses discours et ses mises en œuvre l’opiniâtreté d’un homme conscient du poids des rivalités internationales dans la reconstruction de la France de la fin du XIXe siècle. Il tient cependant dans le débat français une place originale défendant une anglophilie didactique au service d’une germanophobie stratégique. Considéré aujourd’hui comme l’inventeur du sport républicain, il importe sur le territoire français le modèle éducatif de la "rivale héréditaire" en faisant la démonstration du rôle joué par les exercices corporels dans le dynamisme économique et colonial britannique. Parallèlement et sans renoncer à la gymnastique, il dénonce le modèle de l’"ennemie héréditaire" en caricaturant littéralement l’éducation physique et le système éducatif allemands. Cependant, dans l’un comme dans l’autre cas, le dessein de P. Grousset reste toujours de ne retenir dans les exemplarités étrangères que ce qui est conforme aux valeurs de la République française, tant dans les faits que dans les principes. Mots-clés: Identité française, relations internationales, éducation physique, genre.

Le monde du sport est marqué par une division sexuée du travail associatif, dominé par des logiques masculines. Les dirigeantes sportives semblent être habilitées par des collectifs masculins, qui influencent le plus souvent les trajectoires associatives des femmes. A partir d’un travail d’enquête en deux temps (2003-2017), l’article propose de mettre le processus d’habilitation à l’épreuve du temps. Prendre place dans la direction des associations sportives passe par des épreuves pour faire ses preuves sous le jugement de collectifs masculins établis. Pour se maintenir et évoluer, les femmes font face à des logiques de marginalisation, qui peuvent les amener à partir. Dans le cadre de ces processus, le vécu compétitif et les transmissions associatives restent des remparts pour se préserver et durer. Ils sont à la base de la notion d’habilitation durable liée à un ordre sportif moral. The world of sport is characterized by a gender division of associative work, and dominated by masculine logic. Women leaders in sport associations seem to be empowered by male groups, which most often influence the associative trajectories of women. Based on a two-step survey work (2003-2017), this article proposes to put the process of habilitation to the test of time. Hardships await those who seek to settle as head of board in sports associations, in particular the judgment of established male groups. In order to maintain themselves and evolve, women have to face thwart logic of marginalization, or step down from their position. As part of this process, the competitive experience and the associative transmissions remain ramparts to preserve and to last. They are the basis of the notion of lasting habilitation linked to a moral sporting order.

Rationale Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope time series performed in continuously growing tissues (hair, tooth enamel) are commonly used to reconstruct the dietary history of modern and ancient animals. Predicting the effects of altitudinal mobility on animal δ13C and δ15N values remains difficult as several variables such as temperature, water availability or soil type can contribute to the isotope composition. Modern references adapted to the region of interest are therefore essential.MethodsBetween June 2015 and July 2018, six free‐ranging domestic horses living in the Mongolian Altaï were fitted with GPS collars. Tail hairs were sampled each year, prepared for sequential C and N isotope analysis using EA‐IRMS. Isotopic variations were compared with altitudinal mobility, and Generalized Additive Mixed (GAMMs) models were used to model the effect of geographic and environmental factors on δ13C and δ15N values.ResultsLess than half of the pasture changes were linked with a significant isotopic shift while numerous isotopic shifts did not correspond to any altitudinal mobility. Similar patterns of δ13C and δ15N variations were observed between the different horses, despite differences in mobility patterns. We propose that water availability as well as seasonal availability of N2 fixing type plants primarily controlled horse hair δ13C and δ15N values, overprinting the influence of altitude.ConclusionsOur study shows that altitudinal mobility is not the main factor that drives the variations in horse tail hair δ13C and δ15N values and that seasonal change in the animal dietary preference also plays an important role. It is therefore risky to interpret variations in δ13C and δ15N values of animal tissues in terms of altitudinal mobility alone, at least in C3–dominated environments.

1. Janzen’s hypothesis (1967; American Naturalist) predicts that tropical habitats with reduced thermal seasonality would select for species with narrow thermal tolerance, thereby limiting dispersal among sites of different elevations showing little overlap in temperature. These predictions have so far been tested by confronting tropical and temperate mountain communities, leaving unresolved the question of their generalization to habitats with low thermal seasonality outside the tropics. 2. We provide the first extension of Janzen’s hypothesis to temperate habitats, by testing for differences in thermal tolerance and elevational range among congeneric alpine spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Troglohyphantes) occurring along a steep gradient of decreasing thermal seasonality with increasing cave depth. Using species from the same temperate region rather than from distinct biogeographic regions avoids confounding the effects of short‐ and long‐term climatic variability on thermal tolerance and elevational range extent. 3. Following Jansen’s assumptions, we predicted that cave habitats with low thermal seasonality would select for narrow thermal tolerance. Also, specialized subterranean species would exhibit both narrower elevational range extents and smaller realized thermal niche breadths. Initially, we showed that thermal seasonality and the overlap in temperature across caves were considerably lower in deep than in shallow cave habitats. Then, we measured thermal tolerance and used morphological traits to quantify the degree of specialization to subterranean life of 11 spider species. 4. We found that thermal tolerance decreased with increasing subterranean specialization. Deep subterranean species reached their critical temperature at 1–4°C above their habitat temperature, whereas shallow subterranean species withstood a twofold larger temperature increase. At last, we demonstrated that a species’ elevational range extent and the variation of temperature encountered across its range decreased with increasing specialization to deep subterranean life. 5. Our integrative work, being grounded in organismal and habitat measures, represents the first generalization of Janzen’s framework to caves and provides a conceptual framework to disentangle the effect of long‐term climate variability on subterranean biodiversity patterns. Extending Janzen’s thoughts to a broader range of ecosystems is key to understanding how the ecological specialization–dispersal trade‐off may constrain the response of species to climate change.

Résumé : Le retour de l’Alsace à la France en 1918 est marqué par un surinvestissement des questions nationales. Les activités physiques et sportives n’échappent pas à ce phénomène. Entrées dans la région avec l’intime conviction que les pratiquants locaux vont se fondre dans le moule républicain et intégrer de bonne grâce les institutions sportives françaises, les autorités prennent conscience qu’elles vont devoir composer avec un creuset identitaire autrement plus complexe qu’elles ne le pensaient. Dans une sorte de réflexe auto-protecteur, les populations locales ont en effet érigé, depuis l’annexion allemande, certains particularismes au rang d’identité de substitution. De nombreux sportifs alsaciens entendent pérenniser ces dispositions après 1918. Notre contribution entend interroger les conditions d’échanges qui s’instaurent dès lors entre les autorités françaises et les acteurs du sport local. Tandis que les premières tentent de convertir « par corps » les autochtones au modèle républicain en valorisant les traditions françaises de l’Alsace, les seconds s’attachent à faire vivre leurs revendications régionales sans nécessairement chercher à se couper des institutions sportives hexagonales. Summary : The reintegration of Alsace to France in 1918 was marked by patriotic issues, especially as far as physical and sporting activities were concerned. The French authorities thought that Alsatian athletes would subscribe to the French administration policy regarding sports and therefore join the national sports federations even if they were aware that identity issues had to be taken into account. Indeed, since the German annexation, local populations had been trying to protect themselves by highlighting their distinctive regional identity. Many Alsatians athletes tried to do the same after 1918. Our research focuses on the relationships established between the French authorities and Alsatian athletes. We’ll see that the former tried to convert Alsatians to the sport activities played all over the country by enhancing the French traditions of the region, while the latter endeavoured to bring out the Alsatian specific features without necessarily going against the French sports federations. Zusammenfassung : Die Rückgabe des Elsass an Frankreich im Jahr 1918 wird dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die nationalen Themen in allen anderen vorhanden sind. Körperliche und sportliche Aktivitäten bilden keine Ausnahme. Beim Einzug in das Elsass waren die Behörden überzeugt, dass sich die lokalen Sportler in die republikanische Form einfügen und freiwillig in die französischen Sportinstitutionen integrieren würden. Es wird ihnen aber klar, dass sie es mit einem viel komplexeren Identitäts-Schmelztiegel zu tun haben werden, als sie dachten. In einer Art Schutzreflex haben sich seit der deutschen Annexion tatsächlich lokale Bevölkerungsgruppen gebildet, die bestimmte Besonderheiten im Sinne einer Ersatzidentität aufweisen. Viele elsässische Sportler beabsichtigen, diese Bestimmungen nach 1918 fortzusetzen. Unser Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die Art und Weise zu hinterfragen, wie sich unter diesen Umständen der Austausch zwischen den französischen Behörden und den lokalen Akteuren des Sports etabliert hat. Während die Behörden versuchen, die Einheimischen „über den Körper“ zum republikanischen Modell zu bekehren, indem sie die französischen Traditionen des Elsass fördern, bemühen sich letztere, ihre regionalen Ansprüche am Leben zu erhalten, ohne sich zwangsläufig von nationalen Sportinstitutionen abzuschotten.

Cadre de la recherche : Dans les quartiers prioritaires de la Politique de la Ville en France, les activités physiques, qu’elles soient effectuées dans un cadre de déplacement ou de loisirs, restent en retrait par rapport au territoire français dans son ensemble. Si de multiples travaux analysent les activités physiques et sportives chez les jeunes, voire les adultes, les pratiques des enfants demeurent un point aveugle. Les enfances pauvres méritent pourtant un regard spécifique, particulièrement leurs rapports à l’espace public. Dans cette optique, la littérature scientifique insiste sur les mobilités indépendantes et sur les contraintes familiales, notamment chez les filles. Objectifs : Il s’agit d’interroger les rapports sexués aux espaces publics dans les quartiers populaires à partir des usages du vélo d’enfants de 9 et 10 ans. Méthodologie : Une équipe de sociologues et de géographes a suivi six classes de CM1 dans trois écoles primaires d’un quartier prioritaire de la Politique de la Ville à Strasbourg. Ces enfants ont bénéficié, pour deux d’entre elles, d’une formation spécifique, d’une part, par des éducateurs sportifs municipaux, et, d’autre part, par des formateurs en sécurité routière. La troisième école fait office de groupe témoin. Des questionnaires ad hoc ont été transmis dans chaque école, avant et après les cycles d’apprentissage du vélo, pour étudier l’évolution de leur niveau technique, de leurs usages du vélo dans le quartier et dans la ville, de leurs relations familiales et amicales nouées autour du vélo. Résultats : Les résultats mettent en avant une différenciation sexuée, nette et persistante, en termes de contrôle du vélo, d’aisance technique dans et hors du quartier et surtout de poids de socialisations distinctes au risque et des contraintes familiales liées à la division par sexe. Conclusion : Dès lors persistent, pour les enfants de ce quartier, des usages singuliers de l’espace public à vélo, liés principalement aux configurations relationnelles sexuées dans les familles populaires. Contribution : Cette étude amène à questionner les méthodes d’apprentissage du vélo pour identifier les précautions à prendre pour favoriser les usages du vélo des garçons et des filles dans l’espace public. Il est alors conseiller de mobiliser les familles pour favoriser le vélo pour tous, particulièrement dans les quartiers socialement défavorisés.

In 1954, the founders of the Federation for Voluntary Gymnastics (VG) set the latter the goal of encouraging body maintenance for good health through physical exercise that was accessible to all. Although this rather original identity positioning that defined its institutional features and contributed to the construction of its social image appeared to be fairly clear on the surface, it has nonetheless continued to generate numerous questions, internal debates and realignments to this day. The Federation’s history may therefore be examined through its permanent construction of identity, expressing both a desire to place specific methods of practice at centre stage and question the relationship with the body, which should be affirmed and specified vis-à-vis other federations. One issue resurging regularly in the discussions and debates of federation leaders was the question ‘What is the VG spirit’? In other words, what united members of the Association, leaders, trainers and practitioners alike? How was the unity of this movement created and, more specifically, what made a ‘VG session’ unique? Three time periods can be identified, characterising three lines of positioning which may be linked to changing social, cultural and scientific contexts.

The large range of stable oxygen isotope values of phosphate-bearing minerals and dissolved phosphate of inorganic or organic origin requires the availability of in-house produced calibrated silver phosphate of which isotopic ratios must closely bracket those of studied samples. We propose a simple protocol to synthesise Ag3PO4 in a wide range of oxygen isotope compositions based on the equilibrium isotopic fractionation factor and the kinetics and temperature of isotopic exchange in the phosphate-water system. Ag3PO4 crystals were obtained from KH2PO4 that was dissolved in water of known oxygen isotope composition. Isotopic exchange between dissolved phosphate and water took place at a desired and constant temperature into PYREX (TM) tubes that were placed in a high precision oven for defined run-times. Samples were withdrawn at desired times, quenched in cold water and precipitated as Ag3PO4. We provide a calculation sheet that computes the delta O-18 of precipitated Ag3PO4 as a function of time, temperature and delta O-18 of both reactants KH2PO4 and H2O at t = 0. Predicted oxygen isotope compositions of synthesised silver phosphate range from -7 to +31 parts per thousand VSMOW for a temperature range comprised between 110 and 130 degrees C and a range of water delta O-18 from -20 to +15 parts per thousand VSMOW.

Si le « sport » est absent des traités de Rome (1957) et de Maastricht (1992), il est en revanche porté par le Conseil de l’Europe dans le cadre de la convention culturelle européenne adoptée en 1954. La Charte européenne du sport votée en 1975 au sein de cette même organisation, met en circulation un modèle européen susceptible de servir de base aux politiques gouvernementales des pays membres

Cet article se propose de retracer la genèse des réflexions aboutissant à la conception des épreuves adaptées d’éducation physique et sportive au baccalauréat pour les élèves handicapés. En montrant l’investissement considérable d’une enseignante d’EPS, Monique Pasqualini, dans la mise en place de ces épreuves pour un public qui en a toujours été évincé, nous montrerons comment elle a su sensibiliser et mobiliser différents acteurs pour répondre à cette nécessité d’égalité entre les élèves. En s’appuyant sur des sources de différentes natures, nous verrons comment son parcours et les revendications de ses élèves handicapés l’ont mise face à une réalité dont elle s’est efforcée de lutter tout au long de sa carrière : l’inégalité d’accès aux épreuves d’EPS du baccalauréat. Aussi, nous montrerons que certains bouleversements conceptuels et pédagogiques ont trouvé un terreau fertile dans son travail auprès des autorités tant médicales qu’institutionnelles. Abstract: The article focuses on the origins of an adapted French Baccalaureate examination in physical education (PE) for disabled pupils. By showing the considerable commitment of a French PE teacher, Monique Pasqualini, in the implementation of this examination for a group of people who had always been excluded, we will show how she was able to raise awareness and mobilize various actors to respond to the need for equality among pupils. Using different types of sources, we will see how the path she followed and the claims of her disabled pupils made her aware of a reality that she strove to fight throughout her entire career, that of unequal access to the PE examination of the Baccalaureate. As a result, we will show how conceptual and pedagogical upheaval found fertile ground in her work with both medical and institutional authorities.

In Alsace, a region between France and Germany many youth organizations were formed in 1918, for example scouting movements and religious education associations. All these groups followed the same aim, i.e. to support young people and to transmit their values using physical education. These Alsatian associations, which were marked by 50 years of German presence, had to adapt to the expectation of the French government to rebuild a unified territory around a common identity. In doing so, they developed original forms of body culture that corresponded to an “Alsatian identity”. This article shows how youth organizations educated and trained young people under these conditions, and how they succeeded in defending the idea of French national identity as well as promoting an original form of culture based on local particularities.

S’inscrivant dans le cadre partenarial d’une action publique, l’organisation du sport au Tchad est assurée par les pouvoirs publics et le mouvement associatif. Cette gestion, suivant deux logiques différentes (logique du service public et logique associative), reste très marquée par la reconversion des dirigeants associatifs qui traversent les frontières de l’économique au sportif, du politique au sportif et du sportif au politique. C’est pourquoi, après la restructuration du mouvement associatif en 1986, de nouveaux dirigeants issus des champs politique, économique ou militaire sont apparus. Aussi, cette analyse de la porosité de l’espace sportif tchadien vise à saisir les transformations de l’organisation sportive à travers la mobilité des dirigeants en quête de profits politiques, économiques et symboliques. Cet envahissement de l’espace sportif par des non sportifs, s’accompagne d’une croyance en la doxa de l’État, considéré comme une sorte de pouvoir à conquérir et dont l’un des moyens consiste à investir l’espace sportif.

Objectif : cet article propose un état des lieux récent (2009-2018) de la littérature en sciences sociales et en santé publique relative à la prescription médicale d’activité physique. La focale est spécifiquement orientée vers les études portant sur les bénéficiaires de ces prescriptions, et cherche à y questionner le recours à des indicateurs d’ordre socio-écologique. Méthode : L’interrogation de bases de données de références bibliographiques a permis de retenir 28 articles tenant compte des critères d’inclusion suivants : (1) revue à comité de lecture ; (2) prescription effectuée par un professionnel de santé ; (3) bénéficiaires adultes ; (4) participation à un programme d’activité physique encadrée ; (5) programme d’au moins un mois ; (6) prise en compte, dans la publication, d’indicateurs sociodémographiques ou psychosociaux complémentaires aux seuls âge et sexe. Résultats : La « prescription médicale d’activité physique » renvoie à des interventions variées en termes de publics visés, de modalités d’encadrement, de durées de prise en charge ou de suivi à l’issue du programme proposé. Les études réalisées mesurent essentiellement le niveau global d’activité physique pendant et/ou à l’issue de l’intervention. Elles mobilisent principalement des indicateurs d’ordre individuel et ont peu recours à l’analyse d’autres déterminants dans une perspective socio-écologique. Conclusion : La prise en compte des différents types et niveaux de déterminants, dans une approche multidimensionnelle, permettrait d’identifier les facteurs sociaux, relationnels et territoriaux, ainsi que leur poids respectif et leurs liens, pour affiner les actions mises en place et favoriser des leviers d’accès à des modes de vie moins sédentaires et des changements durables dans les pratiques au quotidien.

Selon Georg Simmel « La frontière n’est pas un fait spatial avec des conséquences sociologiques, mais un fait sociologique qui prend une forme spatiale » (Georg Simmel, 1999 [1908], p. 607). Dès lors, il n’existe pas de frontières « naturelles », elles sont toujours des constructions sociales. La lecture de ce dossier montre que les frontières sont prises dans une dialectique entre le malaise produit par l’enfermement et l’assignation dans un territoire, l’espoir d’une fin des frontières et l’acceptation lucide de frontières ouvertes, qui ne soient pas des prisons.

Cadre de la recherche : En devenant une priorité des politiques de santé publique en France, la prévention du surpoids et de l’obésité infantile a donné lieu à de nombreux programmes et actions publiques à l’échelle locale. C’est le cas de la ville de Strasbourg qui, dès 2014, a mis en place un dispositif de prévention intitulé « PRise En Charge Coordonnée des enfants Obèses et en Surpoids de Strasbourg » (PRECCOSS) destiné aux enfants âgés de 3 à 12 ans. Objectifs : À partir d’une approche sociologique croisant l’analyse des acteurs et celle des dispositifs, l’article interroge la réception de la politique locale de lutte contre le surpoids par les enfants et leurs familles résidant en quartier populaire. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre les rapports pluriels à un dispositif visant le corps de l’enfant et ses effets. Méthodologie : Une enquête sociologique qualitative, combinant entretiens semi-directifs et observations, a été réalisée auprès de dix familles dont au moins un des enfants était en surcharge pondérale et incité à participer au dispositif PRECCOSS. Résultats : L’analyse comparée de familles participant ou non au dispositif permet de mettre en exergue les conflits de légitimité auxquels sont confrontés les parents, notamment les mères, entre les recommandations de santé publique en matière de lutte contre la sédentarité et les schèmes familiaux d’exercice du rôle de parent, de comportements alimentaires et de mode de vie liés à la culture d’origine. Conclusions : En visant à réduire le décalage entre le modèle corporel dominant promu par les politiques de santé publique et la culture corporelle de ces familles, le dispositif de prise en charge de l’enfant dans sa corporéité oriente l’action familiale mais rencontre également des formes de résistance. Contribution : Ces résultats viennent affiner et nuancer les analyses qui présentent souvent les classes populaires, par comparaison avec les classes plus favorisées, comme moins promptes à mettre en pratique les prescriptions normatives.

Dans un contexte de lutte contre la sédentarité, les politiques publiques de santé cherchent à encourager les individus à pratiquer de l’activité physique de manière régulière (Stratégie Nationale de Santé 2017-2020). Outre les campagnes nationales de prévention développées dans le cadre du Plan National Nutrition Santé en France par exemple, de nombreuses villes mettent en place des programmes de promotion de la santé par les activités physiques. En prenant appui sur des données empiriques issues de plusieurs enquêtes sociologiques auprès de bénéficiaires d’actions de ce type mises en place par la ville de Strasbourg, nous essaierons de comprendre le point de vue des bénéficiaires eux-mêmes. À partir d’une perspective sociologique compréhensive (Weber, 1971) qui articule histoire sociale de l’acteur (Bourdieu, 1980, 1997) et contextes sociaux (Lahire, 1998, 2013), nous montrerons les usages et rapports sociaux différenciés des bénéficiaires à ces actions visant à modifier leurs habitudes de vie.

Soixante ans après les travaux pionniers d’Eric Dunning et de Norbert Elias, les sciences sociales du football ont-elles progressé ? L’introduction propose de montrer que le football est désormais devenu un objet d’étude légitime mais que sa construction européenne reste à interroger. Fait social européen, l’Euro 2016 de football constitue dès lors un bon laboratoire pour étudier les sociétés européennes et leurs représentations. Cette compétition permet également d’analyser les rapports ordinaires des citoyens à l’Europe et la fabrication d’une communauté imaginée.

As health concepts develop through exposure to, and experience with particular contexts, and as health concepts influence health behaviour, it is important for actors in health promotion programmes to understand an individual’s health concepts. This study focussed on health concepts among socially disadvantaged children in France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland—a hitherto less researched population group. We conducted focus groups with a total of 167 children aged 7–11 years (mean¼8.76 years, SD¼0.68). The aim of this study was to explore if the life situation across four different countries leads to similar health concepts, and how the particular, national health discourses are reflected in the children’s health concepts. The data were analysed through a structured qualitative content analysis and revealed four categories: ‘Symbols/symptoms of health/illness’, ‘Emotionality’, ‘Healthy/unhealthy practices’, and ‘Consequences of health problems’. The children’s health concepts are linked to concrete events and objects, and they are able to think in logical sequences. However, the children’s causal argumentation is uni-dimensional; they do not cover the complexity of the development of health problems. In particular, overweight stands for illness and is exclusively the result of unhealthy practices. In their concepts, the children reflect the national health promotion programme discourses about overweight. They seem to understand the messages of health education as ‘behaving well means being healthy’; however, such a health education message initiates accusations of ‘unhealthy persons’. In consequence, challenges for sensitive health education programmes (at school) are discussed.

In Lebanon, parliamentary elections took place in May 2018. After 9 years the ruling Sunni parties and their allies, led by Saad Hariri, were defeated by the political victory of the Shia parties Amal and Hezbollah and their allied party of the new president Michel Aoun. This change in political power sanctioned a situation who had already settled in within the first division of Lebanese men football during the season of 2017/2018. Through a study about football infrastructures, location of stadiums, structural organization of the football federation, the relation between constituencies and club affiliations to political parties and the distinguished role of women football, this article is aiming to analyse the ways in which the development in Lebanese football and politics intertwine.

Urbanized landscapes are the theater of multiple simultaneous biological invasions likely to affect spread dynamics when co-occurring introduced species interact with each other. Interactions between widespread invaders call for particular atten- tion because they are likely to be common and because non-additive outcomes of such associations might induce negative consequences (e.g., enhanced population growth increasing impacts or resistance to control). We explored the invasions of two widespread invasive taxa: the Japanese knotweed species complex Fallopia spp. and the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus, in the urban area of Lyon (France). First, we investigated landscape habitat preferences as well as co-occurrence rates of the two species. We showed that Fallopia spp. and L. neglectus had broadly overlapping environmental preferences (measured by seven landscape variables), but their landscape co-occurrence pattern was random, indicating independent spread and non-obligatory association. Second, as Fallopia spp. produce extra-floral nectar, we estimated the amount of nectar L. neglectus used under field conditions without ant competitors. We estimated that L. neglectus collected 150–321 kg of nectar in the month of April (when nectar production is peaking) in a 1162 m2 knotweed patch, an amount likely to boost ant population growth. Finally, at six patches of Fallopia spp. surveyed, herbivory levels were low (1–6% loss of leaf surface area) but no relationship between ant abundance (native and invasive) and loss of leaf surface was found. Co-occurrences of Fallopia spp. and L. neglectus are likely to become more common as both taxa colonize landscapes, which could favor the spread and invasion success of the invasive ant.

Studies on including pupils with special educational needs in mainstream raise questions on teaching practices, either in terms of obstacles in the learning process or in terms of gap with the academic expectations. Using Becker’s theory, our approach takes an interest in the moment when teachers postpone their expectations and modify the situation, bearing in mind the specific feature of the pupil. We will show, as Roiné did, that the pedagogical and didactic exception is a social construction which gives an account, backward, of the norms conveyed by teachers. The comparison of the peculiar solutions offered by the two types of teachers (primary and secondary school teachers) show that, beyond a preference linked to their training (rather pedagogical for one and didactic for the other) the differentiation of the pupil is a reaction to the lay-out induced by teaching a whole class, more than an answer to the educational need itself.

Sports et loisirs. Une histoire des origines à nos jours, Gallimard « Folio Histoire », 2016, 680 p. C'est dans un ouvrage dense que Laurent Turcot, titulaire de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en histoire des loisirs et des divertissements, historien moderniste et notamment spécialiste de la culture urbaine, se propose d'effectuer une grande synthèse autour de l'histoire des sports et des loisirs. Commençant aux « origines », avec les premières traces mésopotamiennes, jusqu'au mitan des années 2010, différentes pratiques sont présentées avec soin tout en les replaçant dans un contexte socio-historique de production. Entre continuités et

Ecological criteria are needed for a comprehensive evaluation of groundwater ecosystem health by including biological components with the physical and chemical properties that are already required by European directives. Two methodological approaches to assess the ecological status of groundwater ecosystems were combined in two alluvial plains (the Ariege and Hers Rivers, southwestern France) varying in agriculture intensity (from grassland to crop rotation including maize and sunflower, and to maize monoculture). In the first approach, the composition of invertebrate assemblages (only obligate-groundwater crustaceans, i.e. stygobionts) sampled in 28 wells differing in their land use contexts was analysed. Abundance, species richness, and assemblage composition significantly changed with agricultural land use or urbanization around the wells. In the second approach, we tested an in situ exposure of sentinel organisms to quantify their response to the environmental pressures. The epigean and native amphipod species Gammarus cf. orinos was used as the sentinel species. Amphipods (30 individuals in each of 10 wells) were exposed for one week to the in situ conditions at two seasons with contrasted concentrations of pollutants. The Ecophysiological Index (EPI) synthetizing the survival rates and energetic storage decreased in wells with low oxygen and high nitrate concentrations, but only during the highest contamination period. Atrazine-related compounds negatively impacted sentinel health whatever the season. The combination of these two approaches may have major applications for orientating groundwater ecosystem management.

Dans un contexte de vieillissement des populations et d’accroissement des maladies chroniques, l’activité physique adaptée (APA) émerge de plus en plus comme une modalité de prise en charge de la santé. L’efficacité des APA dépend de l’adhésion des participants. Cet article aborde les motifs d’adhésion de seniors atteints de maladies cardiovasculaires dans un programme d’APA en région PACA. L’enquête a été menée au travers d’entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 33 seniors participant ou ayant participé au programme. Les résultats montrent des différences de motifs entre les phases d’initiation et de maintien dans l’AP : il semblerait que si on vient pour la santé physique, on y reste pour le bien-être, notamment social. Si l’objectif de « guérison » est partagé par toutes et tous dans le démarrage du programme d’APA, le partage de lien social, l’absence de compétition, le cadre bienveillant et sécuritaire sont énoncés comme les raisons importantes d’adhésion maintenue au programme.

Since the 1990s, concerns related to the “challenges of ageing” (Guillemard, 2010) have received growing attention from consecutive governments in France. In parallel with this, the sporting community has seen increasing growth in membership among over sixties, as a result of offering activities aimed at reducing the effects of ageing. This is the case of the Fédération française d’éducation physique et de gymnastique volontaire (FFEPGV: the French Federation for Physical Education and Voluntary Gymnastics) which has 520,000 members, 198,000 of whom are over sixty. This has made FFEPGV the federation with the largest number of “senior” members in France. In an effort to analyze the effects of public policy, we have studied the development of relationships between the FFEPGV and the implementation of a preventative public policy designed to promote “ageing well.” To this end, we examine the forms of action and judgement that have been set up in response to the directive to encourage prevention through physical activity. Collected data highlight the extent to which the FFEPGV has been involved in constructing the “problem” of ageing (Gusfield, 1981/2009) and show how its relations with political powers have evolved in light of the reconfiguration of public policy to reflect a “new public management” approach (Bezes, 2012).

Sixty years after the pioneering works of Eric Dunning and Norbert Elias, have social sciences made any progress in the field of football? The introduction aims to show that football has now become a legitimate object of study, but that its European construction remains to be analyzed. A European social fact, the 2016 UEFA European Championship, is a good laboratory to study European societies and their representations. This competition also allows for the analysis of ordinary relations between Europe and its citizens, and the making of an imagined community.

Dans la littérature en badminton, l’aspect spatial prime sur l’aspect temporel. Les études sur la structure temporelle sont exclusivement descriptives, relatives au haut niveau, et produisent des données génériques et adynamiques, comme si le rapport au temps était le même pour l’ensemble des joueurs et sur l’ensemble du match. Notre étude vise à montrer que le rythme du set se réorganise avec les mobiles du badiste. 50 sujets, classés dans les cinq étapes du curriculum conatif du joueur de badminton ont porté un accéléromètre lors d’un set filmé. Nos résultats, portant sur l’analyse des 1806 points joués, montrent que le rapport temps d’échange / temps de non-jeu n’augmente pas de manière linéaire avec l’expertise et que le différentiel entre la quantité de mouvement en jeu et pendant les phases de repos se réorganise d’étape en étape. Il y a donc des rythmes ou temporalités spécifiques en fonction des mobiles. Par ailleurs, au sein même de certaines étapes, on observe une variation de ces facteurs en fonction de l’évolution du rapport de force et / ou du moment du match pour les experts et les grands débutants. En pédagogie, c’est donc la spécificité du jeu qui devrait orienter le choix didactique entre jeu au temps / jeu au point afin d’envisager la temporalité de manière plus responsable.

The present study was aimed to study the diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate populations in relation to the abiotic parameters of the Sô River. For this purpose, aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled monthly between February 2016 and April 2017 on 12 sampling stations and in various habitats along the Sô River. Similarly, twenty environmental variables were measured to assess the environmental characteristics of Sô river. The recorded fauna consists of 2053 individuals corresponding to 44 families and 61 taxa belonging to three main zoological groups (Arthropods, Molluscs, Annelids). The stand population showed that Coleoptera (17.06%), Basomatophora (14.19%), Heteroptera (11.37%), Odonata (10.26%), Mesogasteropoda (9.01%) and Decapoda (9%) are the most abundant orders. Another oders constitute only a small fraction of the total fauna harvested. The redundancy analysis performed shows that abiotic parameters that strongly influence taxonomic diversity and taxon abundance are: current velocity, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, mineralization parameters and canopy.

L’analyse des caractéristiques des élus des communes françaises selon leur proximité de la Méditerranée à partir d’un traitement secondaire des données du Répertoire national des élus (2010) permet de constater que, plus on se rapproche du littoral méditerranéen, plus les élus locaux – et plus particulièrement les maires – font partie d’une élite sociale et politique locale, âgée et masculine. Cette difficulté supplémentaire pour se faire élire dans ces communes proches de la Méditerranée peut être attribuée à la plus grande attractivité des territoires correspondants et aux profits supplémentaires que les postes en question peuvent apporter à ceux qui parviennent à les occuper, et peut-être à une utilisation plus active qu’ailleurs des ressources – légales ou illégales – que leur position peut leur apporter. The analysis of the French municipal councillor’s characteristics according to their proximity to the Mediterranean Sea – analysis conducted from a secondary treatment of data from the French National Directory of Representatives of 2010 – allows us to realise that the closer you get to the Mediterranean littoral, the more the local councillors – especially the mayors – are part of a social, and local political elite, both old and male. This additional difficulty to get elected in these municipalities close to the Mediterranean Sea can be attributed to the great attractiveness of the corresponding territories, to the additional benefit that these positions can bring to those who manage to obtain them, and perhaps to a use more active than elsewhere of the resources – both legal and illegal – that the position can bring.

Michel Koebel, professeur en sociologie du sport à l’Université de Strasbourg, nous livre dans cet article ses réflexions sur les logiques sociales et politiques qui influencent le contenu et l’évolution des politiques sportives locales à partir de ses recherches sur l’espace politique local – et en particulier ses récentes enquêtes sur la place des adjoint-e-s chargé-e-s des sports dans les exécutifs locaux – et de ses analyses des politiques sportives.

The graduate employment market faces ever-increasing socio-economic and political pressures. Higher Education Institutions and the sport sector in the EU have an important role in contributing to graduate employment. The aims of the study were: (1) to assess general perceptions of employability, and (2) to assess sports graduates’ and employers’ perceptions of specific capabilities and competencies in order to identify possible improvements for sports graduate employability programmes. A cross-sectional survey of sports graduates and employers was administered in six EU countries including the UK, France, Germany, Spain, Greece and the Czech Republic to assess graduate and employer perceptions. A graduate capabilities and competencies framework was devised to assess personal, interpersonal, cognitive, role-specific and generic skills. Responses were elicited from 1132 sports graduates and 327 employers. There was generally a wide difference of opinion between employers and sports graduates in terms of the importance and possession of a number of capabilities and competencies. There is a need for the Higher Education sector and employers to take responsibility in ensuring that work experience, work placement and volunteering opportunities are embedded in curricula and to ensure the fitness of purpose of what and how graduate capabilities and competencies are assessed.

L'article, qui porte sur un dispositif local appelé « sport-santé sur ordonnance », décrit un processus d’institutionnalisation par le bas. L'étude montre que l'originalité du dispositif se produit sur fond d'isomorphisme institutionnel. Conséquence du passage d’une politique substantielle à une politique procédurale, ce processus permet d’ancrer le dispositif dans son contexte en prenant appui sur les structures, les pratiques et les acteurs locaux déjà en place. La définition locale du sport-santé révèle finalement le caractère transversal du sport, facilitant son ancrage dans des politiques publiques qui tendent à se désectorialiser.

La pratique sportive de loisir a permis à de nombreux migrants de s’intégrer dans leur nouveau pays d’accueil tout en préservant des réseaux de sociabilité communautaire. Phénomène minoritaire en France, le sport communautaire par origine ethnique ou nationale s’explique par un certain nombre de causes liées aux conditions sociales d’existence mais également aux discriminations et aux stratégies identitaires des clubs historiques locaux, qui peuvent également être interprétées comme des formes de repli communautaire. L’article propose d’interroger la pratique sportive des footballeurs originaires du Maghreb et de Turquie en Alsace afin de vérifier par la preuve si ces populations se regroupent ou non par origine. Première communauté immigrée en Alsace, la communauté turque fait l’objet d’une analyse approfondie.

The existence of resilience mechanisms related to a disturbance, such as invertebrate migrations into the hyporheic zone (HZ, saturated subsurface interstices), promotes persistence of benthic communities in river ecosystems. Water exchanges through the HZ, which influence the distribution of biota, are heterogeneous at different scales, determining nested hyporheic flowpaths. The effect of these nested exchanges on the use of the hyporheic refuges by benthic invertebrates is still unknown. We simulated streambed drying in a stream section where hydrological exchanges were considered at riffle (upstream or downstream of riffles) and floodplain (downstream end of a floodplain) scales. Physicochemical indicators determined that local hyporheic flowpaths (up-and downwelling zones) were nested in a large-scale downwelling section of the river. In this situation, the effect of 24 h of experimental drying on the distribution of invertebrates was examined at three sediment depths to follow their migrations into the HZ. Whereas invertebrate assemblages did not change in the control channel, abundance of benthic invertebrate increased in the HZ of the impact channel (up to seven-fold). Changes occurred rapidly (15-24 h) and only upstream of riffle where surface water down-welled. The migration was taxon-specific and concerned the most abundant benthic taxa that temporarily colonize the HZ (''temporary hyporheos,'' e.g., Leuctra cf. fusca, Baetis sp., Caenis sp., Orthocladiinae, Tanypodinae). In the context of climate change, hyporheic refuge use will promote persistence of communities facing the increasing frequency of extreme hydrological events. Improved knowledge about the distribution and function of these refuges is becoming crucial for river managers.

Depuis le XIXe siècle, l’éducation à la santé fait partie intégrante de la mission des enseignants d’Éducation Physique et Sportive (EPS) : le lien entre les activités physiques proposées dans le cadre scolaire (jeux, sports, activités artistiques) et la promotion de la santé et du bien-être a toujours été explicitement maintenu. Parallèlement, le savoir scientifique sur lequel se basent les différents modèles de promotion de la santé a évolué. Son impact sur la conception des stratégies d’éducation à la santé et au bien-être n’a, à notre connaissance, pas été examiné dans le domaine de l’EPS. L’impact de deux modèles de promotion de la santé sur l’éducation est ici analysé : un premier modèle dit « biomédical », promouvant une vision « machiniste » du corps ; un second, plus interactif, envisageant la santé dans une perspective écologique. L’ambition de cet article est de montrer comment, selon le modèle d’éducation à la santé dominant, la logique de production de connaissances et les stratégies d’éducation diffèrent. Nous avons également cherché à identifier les défis éducatifs posés aux enseignants d’EPS en fonction de ces évolutions. Nous montrons qu’en passant d’une logique de transmission de bonnes pratiques à une logique d’intervention à différentes échelles, l’éducation à la santé et au bien-être par l’activité physique se complexifie. Nous proposons alors des pistes pour faire évoluer la formation des enseignants d’EPS.

Avec la progressive décentralisation du pouvoir vers l’espace local, les politiques locales ont gagné en complexité et demandent plus de compétences, ce qui a rendu l’accès au pouvoir toujours plus sélectif socialement. Par ailleurs, les règles de scrutin ont eu pour effet de concentrer le pouvoir sur la tête de l’exécutif – ce qui oriente les politiques envisagées vers les intérêts des seuls groupes sociaux représentés – et d’annihiler le débat démocratique local. Enfin le pouvoir des maires est fortement contraint par les nombreuses contingences qui pèsent sur eux, de nature économique, politique ou structurelle. Sera-t-il possible à tous les dominés de ce système local de se réapproprier le pouvoir qui leur échappe ?

L’action sportive publique intervient à différentes échelles géopolitiques, du micro-local à l’international, en passant par des niveaux intermédiaires comme les intercommunalités, les régions, les États ou encore l’Europe. Récemment impliqué dans les politiques sportives, le niveau européen n’a fait l’objet que de rares études de sociologie politique du sport. Il est pourtant considéré dès le milieu des années 1980 comme un outil important de construction et de consolidation de l'identité européenne. Dès lors, peut-on en tirer la conclusion qu’après les périodes de nationalisation et de municipalisation analysées par nombre de chercheurs et d’experts, se mettrait en place une nouvelle étape, celle de l’européanisation du sport ? La construction européenne contribue-t-elle à l’émergence d’un processus politique de fabrication d’un « nous » européen par le sport ? Dans de nombreux domaines, les « pères fondateurs » des institutions et des études européennes ont souvent réussi à imposer leur vision politique et scientifique de l’Europe en opérant un double transfert des catégories politiques dans le champ scientifique et des problématiques savantes dans les discours politiques. Le sport n’échappe pas aux enjeux politiques plus généraux de l’UE.

Recension Quin, G. & Bohuon, A. (2015), Les liaisons dangereuses de la médecine et du sport, Paris, Éditions Glyphe, 311 p. Yacine Tajri Doctorant en histoire de l'éducation physique Equipe de recherche en sciences sociales du sport, EA

L’analyse des caractéristiques des adjoint-e-s aux sports des villes françaises de la mandature 2008-2014 montre une grande diversité : dans la dénomination de leurs attributions ; dans le rang qui leur est attribué par le maire au sein de l’exécutif ; dans le choix de confier cette responsabilité à des femmes ou à des hommes. L’analyse de leur appartenance sociale montre qu’ils et elles se situent dans une position généralement dominée au sein des exécutifs et même par rapport aux conseillers municipaux « ordinaires ». Ils et elles sont presque aussi nombreux que les autres adjoint-e-s à être membres de partis politiques.

Pour les professionnels œuvrant dans le secteur sportif associatif, l’imbrication des temps de travail et de loisir se présente autant comme une contrainte que comme une ressource caractérisant leur identité professionnelle. La manière dont ces salariés construisent leur rapport au temps professionnel dépend de leurs ressorts personnels, mais aussi d’effets contextuels. Ainsi, la perception du temps et par conséquent sa qualification en temps de loisir ou de travail sont loin d’être homogènes.

Dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche sur les représentations et les usages sociaux de santé et d’activité physique d’enfants et de leur famille, habitant des quartiers pauvres situés dans quatre pays européens (France, Allemagne, Suisse et Italie), nous présentons les conditions d’accès aux données et de recueil du matériel, les divergences rencontrées et les outils de systématisation et de mise en cohérence utilisés dans ce protocole de recherche collective. Afin de permettre l’analyse interprétative comparée de ces études de cas, l’équipe a mis en place un arsenal de standardisation de la recherche dans une démarche collaborative. Nous proposons de discuter de l’articulation d’une vigilance interprétative, amarrée à un comparatisme réflexif et relationnel contextualisé.

Consacré à la vie de travail dans les petites entreprises de fitness, cet article dévoile une activité de travail qui dépasse les planifications usuelles. L’activité de travail dans les clubs de fitness donne à voir des scènes de travail que les concepts de travail d’organisation et de solidarité technique nous permettent de mieux saisir. L’agir au travail, inextricablement individuel et collectif, se forge dans une chaine d’interdépendances situées ici et là qui rassemblent exploitants, professeurs de fitness et usagers consommateurs. Ces interdépendances redéfinissent le travail d’organisation et l’accomplissement de soi au travail. Marqué par la promiscuité, le travail du prof de fitness s’appuie sur des ressources techniques, corporelles, cognitives et relationnelles qui tentent d’apprivoiser une somme d’incertitudes parmi lesquelles les intentions d’agir parfois dissimulées des destinataires du service. Ce faisant, l’activité professionnelle révèle une émancipation individuelle, affranchie des standards comportementaux indigènes. Elle est assujettie aux formes collectives plurielles du travail « en train de se faire », qui passe, outre la possession de capacités physico-techniques et corporelles, par l’appropriation de rôles adaptés à l’arène et taillés selon la réputation acquise.

Modern sport and mass immigration developed in France around the same time. Immigration introduced diversity: a factor that, by and large, represented an issue for the process of Nation building and an asset for French sport. Each great wave of immigration provided a quote of outstanding players. Among them, the football players Michel Platini, Luis Fernandez and Zinedine Zidane are perhaps the prominent figures within the national sport hall of fame. These players seem to support the statement according to which contemporary France succeeded in fully integrating a vast majority of immigrant people. This idea was celebrated, in particular, through the victory of the French national team – the “black-blanc-beur” – in thein the Football World Championship of 1998. A narrative that emphasized and summarized a century of immigration giving a strong, collective meaning to this event. Football provided a social narration that presented the historic ties between the nation and its former colonies by celebrating the national “melting pot” as a resource for the nation as a whole. Platini, Zidane and Fernandez are not only prominent products of the great waves of Italian, Spanish and Algerian immigrations. These champions illustrate the joint history of France and of its sport as an undeniable tool for integration. Paradoxically, however, football can become an instrument of racism and of community withdrawal. On the one hand, football encouraged a wide social and cultural mix in the game fields as well as in the stands. On the other hand, many football players experienced discrimination because they represented immigration – either as an actual condition and/or as a perception – and exclusion, thus confirming a tendency toward isolationism within some communities. Multiculturalism and identity politics are two sides of a wider integration/discrimination process within France.

Objective: This study sought to determine the effects of an innovative public health programme offering physical and sports activities on medical prescription to chronically ill patients. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with programme participants at two time points: at the start of their activity ( n = 33) and 3 months after the first interview ( n = 25). Results: Findings reveal that this public health initiative engaged a very sedentary population taking starting or returning to physical exercise. Participants reported beneficial effects on their well-being and underlined the benefits of being monitoring and participating in activities with other patients. Conclusion: For individuals interviewed, starting (or getting back to) a physical activity proved beneficial, and their evaluation of the programme shows that it matched their expectations, although study participants also expressed difficulty in shifting to physical activity independently of the programme.

La pratique d’une activité physique régulière à intensité modérée est reconnue en prévention secondaire pour lutter contre certaines pathologies chroniques. Cependant, les messages des campagnes de santé publique touchent davantage les classes supérieures et moyennes que les classes populaires et a fortiori les personnes très démunies. Face à ces inégalités sociales de santé et d’accès à la pratique physique, la Ville de Strasbourg a développé un dispositif de prescription médicale d’activités physiques à des patients atteints de maladies chroniques stabilisées. À l’opposé de la médicalisation actuelle du « sport-santé », le dispositif « Sport/santé sur ordonnance » (SSSO) montre un processus de démédicalisation. Cet article se propose d’en faire l’analyse à partir d’une sociologie de ses acteurs-usagers, en se fondant sur une enquête et des entretiens.

Temperature is one of the main abiotic factors influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms. In the Rhne River Valley, populations of the crustacean Gammarus pulex are distributed along a 5 A degrees C thermal gradient from the North to the South of the valley. In this present work, we investigated the heat shock response of G. pulex according to latitudinal distribution (northern vs. southern populations) and ontogeny (adults vs. embryos from early stages). We isolated two isoforms (one constitutive hsc70 and one inducible hsp70) of heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70) and quantitatively compared their amounts of mRNA after heat shocks, using real-time PCR. Whereas the hsc70 (constitutive) gene did not vary between the two populations, a significant effect of the population was observed on the expression of the hsp70 (inducible) gene in adult specimens. The northern population of amphipods showed a greater magnitude of induction and a 2 A degrees C lower onset temperature when compared to the southern population, suggesting that the northern population is more affected by elevated temperature than the southern one. We demonstrated that the expression of hsp70 may play a crucial role in the persistence of biogeographical patterns of G. pulex, since it reflects the natural distribution of this species along the latitudinal thermal gradient. A differential regulation of hsc70 gene was also observed according to the ontogenetic stage, with a switch from heat inducible in early life stages to constitutively and highly expressed in adults. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering the entire life cycle to better understand the adaptive response to thermal stress.